CouchDB官方参考指南：深入解析文档数据库

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"CouchDB The Definitive Guide.pdf" CouchDB是一款开源的、基于文档的分布式数据库系统，设计目标是提供高可用性、可扩展性和数据持久化。该数据库的核心理念是支持JSON格式的数据存储，HTTP协议进行访问，以及强大的离线同步功能。《CouchDB权威指南》是深入理解和使用CouchDB的重要参考资料，由J. Chris Anderson、Jan Lehnardt和Noah Slater合著，于2010年由O'Reilly Media出版。本书详细介绍了CouchDB的各种特性，包括但不限于： 1. 数据模型：CouchDB使用JSON作为其数据存储格式，这使得数据结构直观且易于解析。每个文档都是独立的JSON对象，可以包含任何结构化的数据。 2. RESTful API：CouchDB完全基于HTTP协议，通过标准的RESTful接口进行操作，如GET、POST、PUT和DELETE，这使得它易于集成到Web应用程序中。 3. 多版本并发控制（MVCC）：CouchDB使用MVCC来处理并发读写，确保在多用户环境下的数据一致性，而无需锁定机制。 4. 复制与同步：CouchDB的一大亮点是其强大的复制功能，可以实现服务器之间的双向同步，即使在网络中断后也能恢复同步，这在分布式系统和移动应用中非常有用。 5. MapReduce：CouchDB使用MapReduce进行数据索引和查询，开发者可以定义映射和归约函数来创建复杂的视图，以支持高效的查询。 6. 存储与视图：CouchDB的视图是预计算的，以提高查询性能。每个视图都可以独立更新，只重新计算必要的部分，这称为“增量更新”。 7. 多语言支持：由于CouchDB的API是基于HTTP的，因此可以使用任何编程语言与之交互。 8. 安全性：CouchDB提供了基于角色的访问控制（RBAC），允许管理员对数据库、文档和视图设置权限，确保数据安全。 9. 集成：CouchDB可以轻松地与其他技术栈集成，如Node.js、Python、Ruby等，同时也有许多客户端库和工具可供选择。 10. 动态文档格式：CouchDB允许在文档中嵌入JavaScript，使数据处理更加灵活。书中不仅涵盖了这些基本概念和技术，还深入讨论了数据库设计、性能优化、故障排查和运维实践等内容，适合开发人员、系统架构师以及对分布式数据库感兴趣的读者。无论你是初学者还是有经验的开发者，这本书都能帮助你充分利用CouchDB的强大功能，构建高效、可靠的分布式应用。

Preface

Thanks for purchasing this book! If it was a gift, then congratulations. If, on the other

hand, you downloaded it without paying, well, actually, we’re pretty happy about that

too! This book is available under a free license, and that’s important because we want

it to serve the community as documentation—and documentation should be free.

So, why pay for a free book? Well, you might like the warm fuzzy feeling you get from

holding a book in your hands, as you cosy up on the couch with a cup of coffee. On

the couch...get it? Bad jokes aside, whatever your reasons, buying the book helps sup-

port us, so we have more time to work on improvements for both the book and

CouchDB. So thank you!

We set out to compile the best and most comprehensive collection of CouchDB infor-

mation there is, and yet we know we failed. CouchDB is a fast-moving target and grew

significantly during the time we were writing the book. We were able to adapt quickly

and keep things up-to-date, but we also had to draw the line somewhere if we ever

hoped to publish it.

At the time of this writing, CouchDB 0.10.1 is the latest release, but you might already

be seeing 0.10.2 or even 0.11.0 released or being prepared—maybe even 1.0. Although

we have some ideas about how future releases will look, we don’t know for certain and

didn’t want to make any wild guesses. CouchDB is a community project, so ultimately

it’s up to you, our readers, to help shape the project.

On the plus side, many people successfully run CouchDB 0.10 in production, and you

will have more than enough on your hands to run a solid project. Future releases of

CouchDB will make things easier in places, but the core features should remain the

same. Besides, learning the core features helps you understand and appreciate the

shortcuts and allows you to roll your own hand-tailored solutions.

Writing an open book was great fun. We’re happy O’Reilly supported our decision in

every way possible. The best part—besides giving the CouchDB community early ac-

cess to the material—was the commenting functionality we implemented on the book’s

website. It allows anybody to comment on any paragraph in the book with a simple

click. We used some simple JavaScript and Google Groups to allow painless com-

menting. The result was astounding. As of today, 866 people have sent more than 1,100

xvii

messages to our little group. Submissions have ranged from pointing out small typos

to deep technical discussions. Feedback on our original first chapter led us to a complete

rewrite in order to make sure the points we wanted to get across did, indeed, get across.

This system allowed us to clearly formulate what we wanted to say in a way that worked

for you, our readers.

Overall, the book has become so much better because of the help of hundreds of vol-

unteers who took the time to send in their suggestions. We understand the immense

value this model has, and we want to keep it up. New features in CouchDB should

make it into the book without us necessarily having to do a reprint every thee months.

The publishing industry is not ready for that yet, but we want to continue to release

new and revised content and listen closely to the feedback. The specifics of how we’ll

do this are still in flux, but we’ll be posting the information to the book’s website the

first moment we know it. That’s a promise! So make sure to visit the book’s website at

http://books.couchdb.org/relax to keep up-to-date.

Before we let you dive into the book, we want to make sure you’re well prepared.

CouchDB is written in Erlang, but you don’t need to know anything about Erlang to

use CouchDB. CouchDB also heavily relies on web technologies like HTTP and Java-

Script, and some experience with those does help when following the examples

throughout the book. If you have built a website before—simple or complex—you

should be ready to go.

If you are an experienced developer or systems architect, the introduction to CouchDB

should be comforting, as you already know everything involved—all you need to learn

are the ways CouchDB puts them together. Toward the end of the book, we ramp up

the experience level to help you get as comfortable building large-scale CouchDB sys-

tems as you are with personal projects.

If you are a beginning web developer, don’t worry—by the time you get to the later

parts of the book, you should be able to follow along with the harder stuff.

Now, sit back, relax, and enjoy the ride through the wonderful world of CouchDB.

Using Code Examples

This book is here to help you get your job done. In general, you may use the code in

this book in your programs and documentation. You do not need to contact us for

permission unless you’re reproducing a significant portion of the code. For example,

writing a program that uses several chunks of code from this book does not require

permission. Selling or distributing a CD-ROM of examples from O’Reilly books does

require permission. Answering a question by citing this book and quoting example

code does not require permission. Incorporating a significant amount of example code

from this book into your product’s documentation does require permission.

xviii | Preface

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