HTTP/2实战：云时代理解HTTP协议的新书

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"HTTP/2 in Action" 《HTTP/2 in Action》是由Barry Pollard撰写的一本关于HTTP协议的书籍，特别针对云时代的新理解。这本书由Manning出版社出版，旨在帮助读者深入理解HTTP/2协议及其在现代互联网环境中的应用。Manning出版社是一家知名的科技图书出版商，其书籍通常包含丰富的技术细节和实用案例。 HTTP/2是HTTP协议的最新版本，相较于之前的HTTP/1.1，它引入了许多改进，以提高网络性能和效率。这些改进包括： 1. **二进制分帧**：HTTP/2将HTTP消息拆分为一系列二进制帧，使得数据传输更高效，减少了延迟。这一改变简化了协议解析，同时也允许服务器并行处理多个请求。 2. **多路复用**：通过一个TCP连接同时处理多个请求和响应，解决了HTTP/1.1中的阻塞问题，提高了页面加载速度。这降低了依赖于多个TCP连接的开销，减少了网络拥塞。 3. **头部压缩**：HTTP/2使用HPACK算法压缩HTTP头部，减少了在网络上传输的数据量，从而加快了通信速度。 4. **服务器推送**：服务器可以预判客户端可能需要的资源，并主动推送给客户端，无需客户端先发起请求。这进一步优化了用户体验，减少了等待时间。 5. **优先级和依赖关系**：客户端可以指定请求的优先级，服务器根据这些优先级安排资源的发送顺序，确保关键资源优先加载。 6. **无损压缩**：HTTP/2支持对数据进行无损压缩，减少了传输的数据大小，但保留了原始数据的完整性。《HTTP/2 in Action》这本书可能会涵盖以上所有这些概念，并通过实际示例和案例研究来解释它们如何在实际应用中工作。作者Barry Pollard可能会详细讨论如何在开发和运维中有效地利用HTTP/2特性，包括如何在Web服务器、应用程序和API设计中实现这些改进。此外，书中可能还会涉及与安全相关的议题，如TLS/SSL在HTTP/2中的应用，以及如何优化HTTPS配置。这本书对于Web开发者、系统管理员、网络架构师以及任何关心网站性能和用户体验的专业人士来说都是宝贵的参考资料。通过阅读《HTTP/2 in Action》，读者能够深入理解HTTP/2协议的工作原理，提升网络服务的性能，为用户提供更快、更可靠的互联网体验。

preface

I became interested in HTTP/2 at an early stage. The emergence of a new technology

that promised almost free performance gains while potentially removing the need for

some of the messy workarounds web developers had to use was definitely intriguing.

The reality was a little more complicated, however, and after spending some time fig-

uring out how to deploy it on my Apache server and then struggling to explain the

impact on performance that I was seeing, I got frustrated with the lack of documenta-

tion. I wrote a couple of blog posts on how to set it up, and those posts proved to be

popular. At the same time, I started getting involved with some of the HTTP/2 proj-

ects on GitHub, as well as lurking around the topic on Stack Overflow and helping out

those who had similar issues to my own. When Manning came calling, looking for

someone to write a book about HTTP/2, I jumped at the chance. I hadn’t been

involved in its genesis, but I felt that I could speak to the many struggling web devel-

opers out there like me who had heard about this technology but lacked the knowl-

edge to get it deployed.

In the year and a half that it’s taken to write this book, HTTP/2 has become main-

stream and is used by more and more websites. Some of the deployment issues have

gotten easier as software has updated, and I hope that some of the issues described in

this book will soon be problems of the past, but I suspect that for a few more years at

least, HTTP/2 will require some effort to enable it.

When you’re able to switch it on, HTTP/2 should give you an instant performance

boost with little configuration or understanding required. Nothing comes for free in

this life, however, and subtleties and nuances in the protocol and in deployments of it

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

xviii

Nordhaus for shepherding my precious output through that process. Kathy Simpson

and Alyson Brener made the book immeasurably more readable during copy editing

and proofreading and both had the unenviable task of dealing with my questioning

their (much better!) wording and grammar on too many occasions. Thanks also to

the other proofreaders, graphics, layout, and typesetting teams who took this book

through the final stages. My name may be on the cover, but all these people, among

others, helped craft my meandering thoughts into a professional publication. Any

mistakes that managed to still make it in are undoubtedly my own fault, not theirs.

I received feedback from many people outside Manning, from the proposal review-

ers to the manuscript reviewers (thanks in particular to those of you who made it

through all three reviews!) to MEAP readers. In particular, I’d like to thank Lucas Par-

due and Robin Marx, who painstakingly reviewed the whole manuscript and provided

valuable HTTP/2 expertise throughout this process. Other reviewers include Alain

Couniot, Anto Aravinth, Art Bergquist, Camal Cakar, Debmalya Jash, Edwin Kwok,

Ethan Rivett, Evan Wallace, Florin-Gabriel Barbuceanu, John Matthews, Jonathan

Thoms, Joshua Horwitz, Justin Coulston, Matt Deimel, Matthew Farwell, Matthew

Halverson, Morteza Kiadi, Ronald Cranston, Ryan Burrows, Sandeep Khurana, Simeon

Leyzerzon, Tyler Kowallis, and Wesley Beary. Thanks to you all.

On the technology side, I have to give thanks to Sir Tim Berners-Lee for kicking

this whole web thing off all those years ago, and to Mike Belshe and Robert Peon for

inventing SPDY and then formalizing it as HTTP/2 with the help of Martin Thomp-

son, acting as editor. Standardization was possible only thanks to the hard-working vol-

unteers of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and in particular the HTTP

Working Group, chaired by Mark Nottingham and Patrick McManus. Without all of

them—and without their employers’ permission to spend time on this work—there’d

be no HTTP/2, and, therefore, no need for this book.

I’m continually amazed by the amount of time and effort the technology commu-

nity puts into volunteer work. From open source projects to community sites such as

Stack Overflow, GitHub, and Twitter to blogs and presentations, many people give so

much of their time for no apparent material reward other than helping others and

stretching their own knowledge. I’m thankful and proud to be part of this commu-

nity. This book wouldn’t have been possible without learning from the teachings of

web performance experts Steve Sounders, Yoav Weiss, Ilya Grigorik, Pat Meehan,

Jake Archibald, Hooman Beheshti and Daniel Stenberg, all of whom are referenced

in this book. Particular thanks to Stefan Eissing, who did tremendous work on the

Apache HTTP/2 implementation that first piqued my interest, and Tatsuhiro Tsujikawa,

who created the underlying nghttp2 library that it uses (along with many other

HTTP/2 implementations). On a similar note, freely available tools such as Web-

Pagetest, The HTTP Archive, W3Techs, Draw.io, TinyPng, nghttp2, curl, Apache,

nginx, and Let’s Encrypt are a big part of why this book is possible. I’d like to extend

extra special thanks to those companies that gave permission to use images of their

tools in this book.

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