密码学基础与实践：第四版英文详解

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"《密码学原理与实践（第四版）（英文版）》是关于密码学的一本详尽教材，由Douglas R. Stinson和Maura B. Paterson合著，属于Textbooks in Mathematics系列。本书全面覆盖了密码学的基础理论和实际应用，旨在为学习者提供一个广泛的密码学知识体系，并深入探讨关键概念。" 本书分为14个章节，内容丰富且深入，从古典密码学的基础开始，逐步引导读者进入现代密码学的领域。首先，书本介绍了一些历史上的加密方法，这些方法虽然简单，但在理解密码学的基本原理上扮演着重要角色。接着，它探讨了Shannon的信息论，这是现代密码学的基石，它阐述了信息的量化和安全通信的基本原则。进入现代密码学部分，作者详细讲解了分组密码的原理，如数据加密标准（DES）和更先进的高级加密标准（AES）。这些块密码算法是现代数据加密的常用工具，用于保护电子数据的安全。此外，书中还讨论了Hash函数和消息认证码（MAC）算法，它们在确保数据完整性和验证来源方面至关重要。在公钥密码学领域，本书涵盖了RSA、ECC等非对称加密算法，以及基于这些算法实现的数字签名技术，这些技术是互联网安全通信的核心。伪随机数生成器是密码学中的另一个重要主题，它们在各种安全协议中扮演着随机性的角色。书中还讨论了身份认证方案，如零知识证明，以及密钥分配和密钥协商协议，例如Diffie-Hellman协议，这些都是保障网络通信安全的关键。此外，作者还关注了实际应用中的密码学，如公开密钥基础设施（PKI），这是数字证书和SSL/TLS协议的基础，用于确保网络连接的安全。组播安全和版权保护也是现代密码学应用的重要方向，书中有专门的章节进行阐述。每章末尾都附有大量的习题，这些习题不仅帮助读者巩固所学知识，还鼓励他们进行深入思考和探索。通过解决这些练习，读者可以提升对密码学概念的理解和应用能力。《密码学原理与实践（第四版）》是一本适合学生和专业人士的全面教材，它将理论与实践紧密结合，不仅提供了密码学的基础知识，还展示了其在现实世界中的广泛应用。无论你是初学者还是已经有一定基础的密码学爱好者，都能从中受益匪浅，进一步提升自己的密码学素养。

Preface

The ﬁrst edition of this book was published in 1995. The objective at that time was

to produce a general textbook that treated all the essential core areas of cryptogra-

phy, as well as a selection of more advanced topics. More recently, a second edition

was published in 2002 and the third edition appeared in 2006.

There have been many exciting advances in cryptography since the publication

of the ﬁrst edition of this book 23 years ago. At the same time, many of the “core”

areas of cryptography that were important then are still relevant now—providing

a strong grounding in the fundamentals remains a primary goal of this book. Many

decisions had to be made in terms of which older topics to retain and which new

subjects should be incorporated into the book. Our choices were guided by crite-

ria such as the relevance to practical applications of cryptography as well as the

inﬂuence of new approaches and techniques to the design and analysis of cryp-

tographic protocols. In many cases, this involved studying cutting-edge research

and attempting to present it in an accessible manner suitable for presentation in

the classroom.

In light of the above, the basic core material of secret-key and public-key cryp-

tography is treated in a similar fashion as in previous editions. However, there are

many topics that have been added to this edition, the most important being the

following:

• There is a brand new chapter on the exciting, emerging area of post-quantum

cryptography, which covers the most important cryptosystems that are de-

signed to provide security against attacks by quantum computers (Chapter

9).

• A new high-level, nontechnical overview of the goals and tools of cryptog-

raphy has been added (Chapter 1).

• A new mathematical appendix is included, which summarizes deﬁnitions

and main results on number theory and algebra that are used throughout

the book. This provides a quick way to reference any mathematical terms or

theorems that a reader might wish to ﬁnd (Appendix A).

• An expanded treatment of stream ciphers is provided, including common

design techniques along with a description of the popular stream cipher

known as Trivium.

• The book now presents additional interesting attacks on cryptosystems, in-

cluding:

xvi Preface

– padding oracle attack

– correlation attacks and algebraic attacks on stream ciphers

– attack on the DUAL-EC random bit generator that makes use of a trap-

door.

• A treatment of the sponge construction for hash functions and its use in the

new SHA-3 hash standard is provided. This is a signiﬁcant new approach to

the design of hash functions.

• Methods of key distribution in sensor networks are described.

• There is a section on the basics of visual cryptography. This allows a secure

method to split a secret visual message into pieces (shares) that can later be

combined to reconstruct the secret.

• The fundamental techniques of cryptocurrencies, as used in BITCOIN and

blockchain, are described.

• We explain the basics of the new cryptographic methods employed in mes-

saging protocols such as Signal. This includes topics such as deniability and

Difﬁe-Hellman key ratcheting.

We hope that this book can be used in a variety of courses. An introductory

undergraduate level course could be based on a selection of material from the ﬁrst

eight chapters. We should point out that, in several chapters, the later sections

can be considered to be more advanced than earlier sections. These sections could

provide material for graduate courses or for self-study. Material in later chapters

can also be included in an introductory or follow-up course, depending on the

interests of the instructor.

Cryptography is a broad subject, and it requires knowledge of several areas

of mathematics, including number theory, groups, rings and ﬁelds, linear algebra,

probability and information theory. As well, some familiarity with computational

complexity, algorithms, and NP-completeness theory is useful. In our opinion, it

is the breadth of mathematical background required that often creates difﬁculty

for students studying cryptography for the ﬁrst time. With this in mind, we have

maintained the mathematical presentation from previous editions. One basic guid-

ing principle is that understanding relevant mathematics is essential to the com-

prehension of the various cryptographic schemes and topics. At the same time,

we try to avoid unnecessarily advanced mathematical techniques—we provide

the essentials, but we do not overload the reader with superﬂuous mathematical

concepts.

The following features are common to all editions of this book:

• Mathematical background is provided where it is needed, in a “just-in-time”

fashion.

• Informal descriptions of the cryptosystems are given along with more pre-

cise pseudo-code descriptions.

Chapter 1

Introduction to Cryptography

In this chapter, we present a brief overview of the kinds of problems

studied in cryptography and the techniques used to solve them. These

problems and the cryptographic tools that are employed in their solu-

tion are discussed in more detail and rigor in the rest of this book. This

introduction may serve to provide an informal, non-technical, non-

mathematical summary of the topics to be addressed. As such, it can

be considered to be optional reading.

1.1 Cryptosystems and Basic Cryptographic Tools

In this section, we discuss basic notions relating to encryption. This includes

secret-key and public-key cryptography, block and stream ciphers, and hybrid

cryptography.

1.1.1 Secret-key Cryptosystems

Cryptography has been used for thousands of years to help to provide conﬁ-

dential communications between mutually trusted parties. In its most basic form,

two people, often denoted as Alice and Bob, have agreed on a particular secret key.

At some later time, Alice may wish to send a secret message to Bob (or Bob might

want to send a message to Alice). The key is used to transform the original message

(which is usually termed the plaintext) into a scrambled form that is unintelligible

to anyone who does not possess the key. This process is called encryption and the

scrambled message is called the ciphertext. When Bob receives the ciphertext, he

can use the key to transform the ciphertext back into the original plaintext; this is

the decryption process. A cryptosystem constitutes a complete speciﬁcation of the

keys and how they are used to encrypt and decrypt information.

Various types of cryptosystems of increasing sophistication have been used for

many purposes throughout history. Important applications have included sensi-

tive communications between political leaders and/or royalty, military maneu-

vers, etc. However, with the development of the internet and applications such

as electronic commerce, many new diverse applications have emerged. These in-

clude scenarios such as encryption of passwords, credit card numbers, email, doc-

uments, ﬁles, and digital media.

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