SWI-Prolog 6.4.1官方手册：进阶编程指南

6.4.1

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SWI-Prolog 是一款全面且可移植的 Prolog 编程语言实现，适用于进阶编程者。最新版本 6.4.1 的参考手册于 2013 年 7 月更新，由荷兰瓦赫宁根大学（VU University Amsterdam）和阿姆斯特丹大学（University of Amsterdam）的 Jan Wielemaker 博士编撰，可通过邮箱 J.Wielemaker@vu.nl 获取联系。该手册详尽介绍了 SWI-Prolog 的设计理念和功能特性。首先，SWI-Prolog 是遵循“爱丁堡传统”的系统，这意味着它在遵循 ISO Prolog 标准的同时，与 Quintus、SICStus 和 YAP Prolog 等其他主流 Prolog 实现保持高度兼容性。这使得开发者能够在不同环境下无缝地转移技能，并利用这些系统的优点。该手册的核心优势之一是广泛的接口库支持。SWI-Prolog 提供了丰富的接口，使得程序员能够轻松地与其他编程语言（如 C、Java 等）、数据库（包括 SQL 和 NoSQL）进行交互。这对于构建集成度高的应用程序至关重要，特别是那些需要处理大量数据和跨系统通信的应用。此外，SWI-Prolog 在处理 HTML/SGML/XML 和 RDF 文档方面表现出色，这使得它成为构建 Web 应用程序的理想工具。它支持多线程和 HTTP 服务器库，特别适合用于创建高性能、可靠的服务器环境，适应现代互联网需求。在开发环境方面，SWI-Prolog 旨在提供良好的开发体验，通过与 YAP、SICStus 和 IF/Prolog 等其他系统合作，开发了一套兼容框架。这意味着用户可以在 SWI-Prolog 中享受多种 Prolog 解释器的功能，从而简化代码重用和迁移工作。 SWI-Prolog 6.4.1 手册不仅涵盖了 Prolog 编程语言的基础知识，还深入讲解了其在实际应用中的扩展性和灵活性，是理解和实践高级 Prolog 编程的宝贵参考资料。无论是对于初学者还是经验丰富的开发者，都是提升 Prolog 技能、探索新应用领域的重要资源。

14 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION

Scientiﬁc Software and Systems Limited, www.sss.co.nz has sponsored the development of

the SSL library, unbounded integer and rational number arithmetic and many enhancements to the

memory management of the system.

Leslie de Koninck has made clp(QR) available to SWI-Prolog.

Jeff Rosenwald contributed the TIPC networking library and Google’s protocol buffer handling.

Paulo Moura’s great experience in maintaining Logtalk for many Prolog systems including SWI-

Prolog has helped in many places ﬁxing compatibility issues. He also worked on the MacOS port and

ﬁxed many typos in the 5.6.9 release of the documentation.

SWI-Prolog 6.4 Reference Manual

16 CHAPTER 2. OVERVIEW

• The ﬁle extension .pl is associated with the program swipl-win.exe. Opening a .pl

ﬁle will cause swipl-win.exe to start, change directory to the directory in which the ﬁle to

open resides, and load this ﬁle.

The normal way to start the likes.pl ﬁle mentioned in section 2.1.1 is by simply double-

clicking this ﬁle in the Windows explorer.

2.1.2 Executing a query

After loading a program, one can ask Prolog queries about the program. The query below asks Prolog

what food ‘sam’ likes. The system responds with X = hvaluei if it can prove the goal for a certain

X. The user can type the semi-colon (;) or spacebar

if (s)he wants another solution. Use the RETURN

key if you do not want to see the more answers. Prolog completes the output with a full stop (.) if

the user uses the RETURN key or Prolog knows there are no more answers. If Prolog cannot ﬁnd

(more) answers, it writes false. Finally, Prolog answers using an error message to indicate the query

or program contains an error.

?- likes(sam, X).

X = dahl ;

X = tandoori ;

...

X = chips.

Note that the answer written by Prolog is a valid Prolog program that, when executed, produces the

same set of answers as the original program.

2.2 The user’s initialisation ﬁle

After the system initialisation, the system consults (see consult/1) the user’s startup ﬁle. The base-

name of this ﬁle follows conventions of the operating system. On MS-Windows, it is the ﬁle pl.ini

and on Unix systems .plrc. The ﬁle is searched using the file search path/2 clauses for

user profile. The table below shows the default value for this search path. The phrase happdatai

refers to the Windows CSIDL name for the folder. The actual name depends on the Windows lan-

guage. English versions typically use ApplicationData. See also win folder/2

Unix Windows

local . .

home ˜ happdatai/SWI-Prolog

After the ﬁrst startup ﬁle is found it is loaded and Prolog stops looking for further startup ﬁles. The

name of the startup ﬁle can be changed with the ‘-f file’ option. If File denotes an absolute path,

On most installations, single-character commands are executed without waiting for the RETURN key.

The SWI-Prolog top level differs in several ways from traditional Prolog top level. The current top level was designed

in cooperation with Ulrich Neumerkel.

SWI-Prolog 6.4 Reference Manual

2.3. INITIALISATION FILES AND GOALS 17

this ﬁle is loaded, otherwise the ﬁle is searched for using the same conventions as for the default

startup ﬁle. Finally, if ﬁle is none, no ﬁle is loaded.

The installation provides a ﬁle customize/dotplrc with (commented) commands that are

often used to customize the behaviour of Prolog, such as interfacing to the editor, color selection or

history parameters. Many of the development tools provide menu entries for editing the startup ﬁle

and starting a fresh startup ﬁle from the system skeleton.

See also the -s (script) and -F (system-wide initialisation) in section 2.4 and section 2.3.

2.3 Initialisation ﬁles and goals

Using command line arguments (see section 2.4), SWI-Prolog can be forced to load ﬁles and execute

queries for initialisation purposes or non-interactive operation. The most commonly used options are

-f file or -s file to make Prolog load a ﬁle, -g goal to deﬁne an initialisation goal and

-t goal to deﬁne the top-level goal. The following is a typical example for starting an application

directly from the command line.

machine% swipl -s load.pl -g go -t halt

It tells SWI-Prolog to load load.pl, start the application using the entry point go/0 and —instead

of entering the interactive top level— exit after completing go/0. The -q may be used to suppress

all informational messages.

In MS-Windows, the same can be achieved using a short-cut with appropriately deﬁned command

line arguments. A typically seen alternative is to write a ﬁle run.pl with content as illustrated below.

Double-clicking run.pl will start the application.

:- [load]. % load program

:- go. % run it

:- halt. % and exit

Section 2.10.2 discusses further scripting options, and chapter 10 discusses the generation of runtime

executables. Runtime executables are a means to deliver executables that do not require the Prolog

system.

2.4 Command line options

The full set of command line options is given below:

--arch

When given as the only option, it prints the architecture identiﬁer (see Prolog ﬂag arch) and

exits. See also -dump-runtime-variables. Also available as -arch.

--dump-runtime-variables

When given as the only option, it prints a sequence of variable settings that can be used in

shell scripts to deal with Prolog parameters. This feature is also used by swipl-ld

(see section 9.5). Below is a typical example of using this feature. Also available as

-dump-runtime-variables.

SWI-Prolog 6.4 Reference Manual

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