Zemax入门教程：从安装到优化

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"Get Started with Zemax 是一个适用于新手和专家的优秀Zemax入门教程，内容涵盖软件安装、用户界面、优化以及非序列光线追踪等关键知识点。" Zemax是一款强大的光学设计软件，广泛用于光学系统的设计和分析。本教程以易懂的方式引导用户逐步了解并掌握其使用方法。 1. **安装Zemax** - **安装键驱动**: 安装Zemax前，需要先安装键驱动，它允许软件识别和使用授权。 - **安装Zemax软件**: 在安装驱动后，按照指示安装Zemax主程序。 - **许可证代码**: 安装过程中会需要输入许可证代码以激活软件。 - **网络密钥和客户端**: 对于网络许可证，需要理解如何配置网络密钥以便多用户共享。 - **故障排查**: 提供了常见问题和解决方案，帮助解决安装过程中的问题。 - **自定义安装**: 用户可以根据需求选择安装组件，如仅安装所需的语言包或特定功能。 2. **Zemax用户界面** - **镜头数据编辑器**: 这是Zemax的核心部分，用于定义和编辑光学系统的参数。 - **分析窗口**: 显示系统性能的各种分析结果，如光斑图、像质分析等。 - **系统菜单**: 包含创建、编辑和管理光学系统的主要命令。 - **规范化坐标系统**: Zemax使用规范化坐标来简化设计，所有表面和光线的位置都基于此系统。 - **定义与定位表面**: 用户可以定义各种形状的光学表面，并设置它们的位置。 - **三维工作环境**: 支持在三维空间中直观地查看和操作光学系统。 - **多配置**: 一个系统可包含多个配置，方便对比不同设计。 - **导出到机械CAD**: 设计完成后，可以直接导出到机械CAD软件进行机械结构设计。 3. **优化** - **镜头规格**: 设定光学系统的目标性能指标。 - **基本系统设定**: 创建初步的光学系统布局。 - **设置变量**: 优化过程中可调整的参数，如曲率半径、折射率等。 - **定义 merit 函数**: 用来衡量系统性能的函数，优化过程试图最小化或最大化它。 - **优化镜头**: Zemax自动调整变量以改善merit函数。 - **锤子优化器**: 一种高级优化工具，特别适用于复杂系统。 - **足够的场点**: 确保优化时考虑了足够的光线追踪点，以确保结果的准确性。 - **玻璃优化**: 选择合适的光学玻璃以优化性能。 - **优化技巧**: 提供成功优化的实用建议。 4. **非序列光线追踪（EE版专属）** - **简单示例**: 介绍非序列模式的基础应用。 - **对象定位与定义**: 在非序列模式下设置光源、探测器和其他非标准光学元素的位置和属性。 - **混合顺序与非顺序追踪**: 结合两种追踪模式以处理复杂系统。 - **追踪光线和获取结果**: 如何从非顺序追踪中收集和分析数据。这个教程详尽地介绍了Zemax的基本操作，从软件安装到实际设计，是学习Zemax不可多得的资源。通过实践这些步骤，用户将能够高效地利用Zemax进行光学系统设计。

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3.3.3 The Wavelength Dialog Box

The wavelengths dialog box, defined under SystemWavelength or by pressing the

‘Wav’ button, is used to set wavelengths, weights, and the primary wavelength of the

system.

Wavelengths are always entered in microns. Wavelength weights can be used to define

relative spectral intensity, or simply to define which wavelengths are most important in a

design. The ‘primary’ wavelength is used as a default wavelength: for example, if asked

to compute effective focal length, ZEMAX will compute it at the primary wavelength if no

wavelength is specified.

3.4 The Normalized Coordinate System

Because there are six ways to define system aperture, and four ways to define field of

view, it is convenient to work in normalized coordinates. When performing the initial

setup of your system you should choose the most appropriate aperture definition, and

the most appropriate field definition, and enter the data for both of these. Subsequently,

all calculations use normalized units, and you do not have to refer to the specific values

entered or definitions used.

3.4.1 Normalized Field Coordinates

Normalized field coordinates H

and H

are used throughout ZEMAX, its documentation,

and in the wider optical design literature. The normalized field coordinate (0, 1), for

example, is always at the top of the field of view in y, whether the field points are

defined as angles or heights, and regardless of the magnitude of the field coordinates.

Similarly the field coordinate (0,0) is always at the center of the field of view.

For example, suppose 3 field points are defined in the (x, y) directions using object

height in lens units of millimeters at (0, 0), (10, 0), and (0, 3). The field point with the

maximum radial coordinate is the second field point, and the maximum radial field is

therefore 10 mm. The normalized coordinate (H

=0, H

= 1) refers to the location on the

object surface (as the field of view is defined in object height) of x= 0, y =10 mm. The

normalized coordinate (H

= 1, H

= 0) refers to the object surface location (10, 0).

You can then define any point within the field of view of the lens by its (Hx, Hy)

coordinates, as long as H

+ H

≤ 1.

This is referred to as radial field normalization, as the normalized field coordinates

represent points on a unit circle. ZEMAX also supports rectangular field normalization,

in which the normalized field coordinates represent points on a unit rectangle.

Page 13 of 72

Note: See the User's Manual, chapter 3 “Conventions and Definitions”, for full details of these

conventions and all the basic definitions ZEMAX uses.

3.4.2 Normalized Pupil Coordinates

Similarly, normalized pupil coordinates are also used throughout ZEMAX, its

documentation, and in the wider optical design literature. You define the system

aperture using whatever definition is most useful, and thereafter we use the normalized

pupil coordinates Px and Py to define any point within a unit circle. Therefore, the point

(0,1) represents a point at the top of the bundle of rays entering the system, and (0, 0) is

a point at the center of the ray bundle, no matter what the definition of system aperture

is or what value it has.

3.4.3 Using the Normalized Coordinates

Re-open the double Gauss 28 degree field sample file in order to undo any changes you

may have made in the earlier sections. Open the Field dialog box and note that the field

is defined as angle in degrees, and the maximum field point has a value of 14°. This is a

half-angle, and so the full field of view is 28°.

Note: ZEMAX is always clear on the definitions it uses, but these definitions are not universal in the

optics industry. Always clarify with your customers what definitions they use for important

system specifications to avoid costly errors!

Then open the General dialog box, and under the aperture tab note that the system

aperture is defined as Entrance Pupil Diameter, value 33.33. Go to the Units tab to see

that the lens units are millimeters, so the EPD is 33.33 mm.

Lastly, open the Wavelength dialog box and note that the design uses three

wavelengths, at 0.4861, 0.5876 and 0.6563 microns respectively. The primary

wavelength is set as wavelength number 2, which is 0.5876 microns.

Now click on AnalysisCalculationsRay Trace. This is the most fundamental

calculation in ZEMAX: the tracing of a single ray. Right-mouse click on this window to

bring up its Settings dialog box:

Page 14 of 72

Note how you can define any ray by where it starts on the object surface in normalized

, H

) coordinates, and where it goes to in the pupil in normalized (P

, P

) coordinates.

Try tracing some rays, and look at the data provided by this feature. You are given the

(x,y,z) position of the ray, the direction cosines of the ray, and the path length of the ray

at each surface of the system. This is the fundamental data on which all the calculations

in sequential ray tracing are based.

Note also that instead of defining ‘arbitrary’ field coordinates (H

, H

) you can also define

the starting coordinates of the ray by the field point number:

Since field point 3 defined the maximum radial field, it is at (0, 1) in normalized field

coordinates. Field point 2 is likewise at (0, .714) and field point 1 is at (0, 0). Depending

on the Analysis feature selected, field points can be defined by either their field point

number (as entered in the Field dialog box) or by their (H

, H

) values.

3.5 Defining & Positioning Surfaces

In ‘sequential’ lens design, light always starts at surface 0, the ‘object’ surface, and is

traced to surface 1, then surface 2, then 3 etc. It therefore makes sense to position

surfaces relative to each other. Returning to the double Gauss sample file, look at the

Lens Data Editor, and click on surface 1. Note that this surface is drawn in red in the

Layout plots when you click on it in the editor.

Rays propagate from left to right in the layout, and this direction is the +Z axis. The +Y

axis goes from the bottom to the top of the window, and the +X axis goes ‘into’ the

screen. If you position your right hand, such that your middle finger is touching surface 1

in the layout window and points into the screen, your index finger is pointing towards the

right hand of the screen, and your thumb is pointing upwards, you have the classic ‘right

hand coordinate system’ used throughout ZEMAX and in most of the optical design

literature.

Also, observe that as you move your mouse over the layout window, the coordinates of

the mouse pointer are shown in the title bar of the window:

Page 15 of 72

If you move the mouse across the Layout window, you will see the Z coordinate change,

and as you move the mouse up or down the window, the Y value will change.

The Lens Data Editor shows the following data for surface 1:

Radius of curvature: 54.153

Thickness: 8.747

Glass: SK2

Semi-diameter: 29.225

Conic: 0

Remember that any lengths where the units are not explicitly given are in “Lens Units”,

which are in mm for this file (see SystemGeneral and the ‘Units’ tab).

The radius of curvature of surface 1 is 54.153 mm. This is a positive number because

the center of curvature lies in positive Z. By contrast, surface 7 has a radius of curvature

of -25.685 mm because its center of curvature lies in –Z.

Surface 1’s thickness of 8.747 mm means that surface 2 is located 8.747 in positive Z

relative to surface 1. “Thickness” is therefore the distance along Z of two surfaces. We

refer to this as thickness in the editor rather than ‘z-distance’ because if you were to

hold the lens formed by surfaces 1 and 2 in your hand, you would naturally describe the

lens as having a center thickness.

Surface 1’s Glass type is set to SK2, which means that the space between surface 1

and surface 2 is filled by a particular glass called SK2. Click on the SK2 glass in the

editor, and then click on ToolsCatalogsGlass Catalogs, or press the ‘Gla’ button on

the toolbar.

This shows that SK2 is a glass in the Schott catalog, and it gives all the data ZEMAX

knows about the glass.

Note: A full discussion of this dialog is outside of the scope of this Guide. See the User's Manual

Chapter 18, “Using Glass Catalogs”, for full details.

Next, see that surface 2 has no entry for its Glass column, and is instead blank. That

means that surface 2 is made of ‘Air’ at Standard Temperature and Pressure. Both

temperature and pressure can be changed, both at a system level and on a surface-by-

surface basis. This has important, but subtle, effects. First, the index of refraction of

glass depends upon both temperature and wavelength; relative indices which are

measured with respect to air also change with pressure. Second, glass expands and

contracts with temperature, which can change the radius, thickness, or other

dimensions of a lens. Third, the distances between lenses change due to the expansion

and contraction of the mounting material.

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