FMCW信号在雷达成像与信道探测中的应用

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FMCW (Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave) 信号在雷达成像和信道 sounding（即无线通信中的环境评估）中发挥着关键作用。这份名为 "FMCW Signals for Radar Imaging and Channel Sounding" 的论文由 Xavier Zage Raimundo 在 2015 年于杜伦大学完成的博士论文，探讨了 FMCW 技术在这些领域的应用及其优势。FMCW 信号因其独特的频谱效率、高精度测量和低截获概率等特性，使其在现代雷达系统和无线通信环境中表现出显著的优势。 FMCW 雷达工作原理基于发射连续调制的射频波，通过连续改变载波频率来获取目标的距离和速度信息。这种调制方式使得雷达能够进行高分辨率的成像，因为它可以提供丰富的回波信息，进而实现目标位置、运动状态以及环境参数的精确估计。此外，由于 FMCW 的非脉冲性质，它减少了干扰，提高了系统的隐蔽性，并有助于抵抗多径效应，从而提高数据质量。在信道 sounding 中，FMCW 信号被用于评估无线通信信道的特性，如衰落、多径传播、时延扩散等。通过发送和接收 FMCW 脉冲，系统可以实时监测并适应环境变化，这对于确保无线通信系统的稳定性和可靠性至关重要。这项技术在5G 和未来移动通信系统中尤为重要，因为它们依赖于毫米波和高频段，这些频段更容易受到环境因素的影响。论文可能涵盖了以下内容： 1. FMCW信号的基本理论和工作原理 2. FMCW雷达成像技术的数学模型与算法 3. 实际应用案例：例如城市监控、自动驾驶汽车或无人机导航 4. FMCW信道 sounding 的方法和应用场景，如无线网络规划或故障诊断 5. 技术挑战和解决方案：如抗噪声能力、复杂环境下的性能优化等 6. 研究成果的实验验证和结果分析为了引用这篇论文，需遵循Durham E-Theses的政策，确保正确标注来源，链接到在线元数据，并遵循版权规定。论文作者和杜伦大学学术支持办公室提供了联系方式，以便进一步获取信息或咨询。 "FMCW Signals for Radar Imaging and Channel Sounding" 是一篇深入研究了FMCW技术在现代无线感知和通信中的核心作用的高质量学术文献，对于理解此类信号的理论和实践应用具有重要价值。

C.1 Reverberation Chamber MIMO Channel Characterization ........ 180

C.2 Multiband Channel Characterization .......................................... 189

C.3 Radio Channel Performance Prediction ...................................... 201

C.4 Discone Antenna ......................................................................... 216

C.5 Summary ..................................................................................... 218

C.6 References ................................................................................... 219

Appendix D: List of Publications ............................................................. 222

D.1 Journal Papers ............................................................................... 222

D.2 International Conferences ............................................................. 222

D.3 COST (IC1004) Meetings ............................................................. 223

D.4 External Presentations ................................................................... 223

D.5 Internal Presentations .................................................................... 224

XVII

Figure 4.15: Pattern of the modified square wave gating sequences with τ

= 25%

and τ

= 38% of the bit duration (T

) .......................................................................... 73

Figure 4.16: MRS and MRP profile of the modified square wave gating sequence

with τ

= 25% and τ

= 38% of the bit duration (T

) .................................................. 73

Figure 4.17: Pattern of the modified 3-bits m-sequence with τ

= 33.3% and τ

33.3% of the bit duration (T

) .................................................................................... 74

Figure 4.18: MRS and MRP profile of the 3-bits m- sequence with τ

= 33.3% and τ

= 33.3% of the bit duration (T

) ................................................................................. 75

Figure 5.1: Block diagram of FMCW and GFMCW radar system based on AWG. . 80

Figure 5.2: Metallic rack housing both the transmitter and receiver components. .... 81

Figure 5.3: Back and front view of the Euvis AWG. ................................................. 83

Figure 5.4: Radar system sensitivity test.................................................................... 84

Figure 5.5: FMCW and GFMCW dual tone test. ....................................................... 84

Figure 5.6: Block diagram of the Bistatic GFMCW radar system based on VNA. ... 86

Figure 5.7: Connections between switch drivers and the fast switches. .................... 87

Figure 5.8: FMCW and GFMCW radar profiles. ....................................................... 88

Figure 5.9: Block diagram of the system synchronisation. (a) Clock source; (b)

Trigger Unit. ............................................................................................................... 89

Figure 5.10: Clock distribution unit. .......................................................................... 90

Figure 5.11: PLL and up-converter unit (left) on its metallic enclosure, (right) the

unit circuit board. ....................................................................................................... 91

Figure 5.12: FPGA based Trigger unit. ...................................................................... 92

Figure 5.13: Block diagram of X-Y positioning system. ........................................... 93

Figure 5.14: X-Y positioning System. ....................................................................... 94

Figure 5.15: Connections inside the (left) Servo drive case, (Right) DSPMC/IP case.

.................................................................................................................................... 94

Figure 5.16: The geometry of the proposed exponential TSA. .................................. 97

Figure 5.17: Return loss of the proposed TSA antennas. ........................................... 98

XVIII

Figure 5.18: The front and back view of the fabricated antennas, (a) TSA-A ; (b)

TSA-B. ....................................................................................................................... 98

Figure 5.19: Normalized simulated radiation pattern of TSA-A antenna. ................. 99

Figure 5.20: Normalized simulated radiation pattern of TSA-B antenna. ................. 99

Figure 6.1: Scenario – A: Normal room, (a) top view; (b) perspective view .......... 111

Figure 6.2: Normalised range profiles seen by the centre probe for FMCW and

GFMCW cases ......................................................................................................... 112

Figure 6.3: Scenario-A radar image for FMCW (No Gating) case .......................... 113

Figure 6.4: Scenario – A radar image for GFMCW cases, (a) SQ wave; (b) 3-Bit

Mseq; and (c) 3-Bit Mseq+ ...................................................................................... 114

Figure 6.5: Scenario – B: Room with furniture, (a) top view; (b) perspective view 115

Figure 6.6: Normalised range profiles seen by the 12

probe for FMCW and

GFMCW cases ......................................................................................................... 116

Figure 6.7: Scenario – B radar image for the FMCW (No Gating) case ................. 116

Figure 6.8: Scenario – B: Radar image for the GFMCW cases, (a) 3-Bit Mseq; (b) 3-

Bit Mseq+ ................................................................................................................. 117

Figure 6.9: Scenario – C: room with insulated cavity wall, (a) top view; (b)

perspective view ....................................................................................................... 118

Figure 6.10: Normalised range profile seen by the centre probe for the FMCW and

GFMCW cases ......................................................................................................... 119

Figure 6.11: Scenario – C radar image for the FMCW (No gating) case ................ 119

Figure 6.12: Scenario – C radar image for the GFMCW cases, (a) SQ wave, (b) 3-Bit

Mseq ......................................................................................................................... 120

Figure 6.13: Scenario – D uniform soil with 3 targets, (a) perspective view; (b) cut

through the z-plane ................................................................................................... 121

Figure 6.14: Scenario – D radar image for FMCW (No Gating) case ..................... 122

Figure 6.15: Scenario – D radar image for GFMCW case ....................................... 122

XIX

Figure 6.16: Scenario – E Multilayer ground with 2 targets, (a) perspective view; (b)

cut through the z-plane ............................................................................................. 123

Figure 6.17: Scenario – E radar image for FMCW (No Gating) case ..................... 123

Figure 6.18: Scenario – E radar image for GFMCW case ....................................... 124

Figure 6.19: Scenario – F Inhomogeneous ground with 2 targets, (a) perspective

view; (b) Cut through the z-plane ............................................................................ 124

Figure 6.20: Scenario – F radar image for FMCW (No Gating) case ...................... 125

Figure 6.21: Scenario – F radar image for GFMCW case ....................................... 125

Figure 6.22: Scenario – G Homogeneous breast, (a) perspective view; (b) top view

.................................................................................................................................. 127

Figure 6.23: Scenario – G radar image for FMCW (No Gating) case ..................... 127

Figure 6.24: Scenario – G radar image for GFMCW case ....................................... 127

Figure 6.25: Scenario – H Heterogeneous breast, (a) perspective view; (b) top view

.................................................................................................................................. 128

Figure 6.26: Scenario – H radar image for FMCW (No Gating) case ..................... 128

Figure 6.27: Scenario – H radar image for GFMCW case ....................................... 129

Figure 7.1: Metallic target in an open environment ................................................. 136

Figure 7.2: Normalised radar profiles for FMCW and GFMCW case .................... 136

Figure 7.3: Profile of the used 3-bit Msequence on transmitter and receiver .......... 137

Figure 7.4: MRP of the used 3-bit Msequence ........................................................ 137

Figure 7.5: Radar system mounted on a corridor overlooking the Plywood wall .... 138

Figure 7.6: Plywood wall, (a) inside the room; (b) Metallic target ......................... 139

Figure 7.7: Scenario – A: radar profiles for FMCW and GFMW Cases ................. 140

Figure 7.8: Scenario – A: radar image for the FMCW (No Gating) case ................ 140

Figure 7.9: Scenario – A: radar image for GFMCW case........................................ 140

Figure 7.10: View of the room with a Human as target ........................................... 141

Figure 7.11: Scenario – B: radar profiles for FMCW and GFMW Cases .............. 141

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