Windows Internals 第5版：深入解析Windows Server 2008和Windows Vista

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"Windows Internals 5th Edition" 是一本由Mark E. Russinovich、David A. Solomon和Alex Ionescu合著的专业书籍，主要涵盖了Windows Server 2008和Windows Vista的内部工作原理。这本书是Windows操作系统深度探索的经典之作，适合系统管理员、软件开发者、安全专家以及对操作系统底层运作感兴趣的读者。通过深入阅读，读者可以了解到Windows操作系统的核心机制，包括进程管理、内存管理、文件系统、网络协议栈以及安全性等方面的知识。在第五版中，作者们详细讨论了以下关键知识点： 1. **操作系统结构**：介绍了Windows操作系统的整体架构，包括内核模式与用户模式的分离，以及如何通过硬件抽象层（HAL）实现与不同硬件平台的兼容。 2. **进程和线程管理**：阐述了进程的创建、调度、同步和通信机制，以及线程如何在处理器上执行，如何共享资源并避免冲突。 3. **内存管理**：解析了Windows如何分配、管理和回收物理及虚拟内存，包括分页系统、内存映射文件、交换文件等。 4. **文件系统**：深入探讨了NTFS文件系统的工作原理，包括文件的创建、打开、读写操作，以及文件权限、索引节点、事务支持等内容。 5. **设备驱动程序**：讲解了驱动程序模型，包括内核模式驱动和用户模式驱动的开发，以及如何与硬件交互。 6. **网络协议栈**：揭示了Windows如何处理网络数据包，包括TCP/IP协议的实现、套接字接口、网络配置和故障诊断工具。 7. **安全性**：分析了Windows的安全模型，如访问控制列表（ACLs）、权限、认证和授权机制，以及Windows安全子系统（如LSA和Kerberos）的工作方式。 8. **系统服务**：介绍了Windows提供的一系列核心服务，如系统事件日志、注册表管理、任务调度等。 9. **调试技术**：提供了调试工具的使用方法，帮助读者理解如何定位和解决系统问题。 10. **Windows API**：探讨了系统调用接口，以及如何利用这些接口进行应用程序开发。 "Windows Internals 5th Edition" 提供了全面而深入的Windows操作系统知识，对于想要深入了解Windows操作系统的读者来说，是一本不可多得的参考书。通过阅读此书，不仅可以提升技术素养，还能为解决实际问题提供理论支持。

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xvi

Table of Contents

NTFS Recovery Support .............................................974

Design .......................................................975

Metadata Logging.............................................976

Recovery .....................................................981

NTFS Bad-Cluster Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 985

Self-Healing...................................................989

Encrypting File System Security.......................................990

Encrypting a File for the First Time...............................993

The Decryption Process ........................................998

Backing Up Encrypted Files .....................................999

Conclusion........................................................1000

12 Networking ..........................................1001

Windows Networking Architecture...................................1001

The OSI Reference Model......................................1001

Windows Networking Components.............................1003

Networking APIs...................................................1006

Windows Sockets.............................................1006

Winsock Kernel (WSK).........................................1012

Remote Procedure Call........................................1014

Web Access APIs..............................................1018

Named Pipes and Mailslots ....................................1021

NetBIOS.....................................................1027

Other Networking APIs........................................1030

Multiple Redirector Support.........................................1033

Multiple Provider Router ......................................1034

Multiple UNC Provider ........................................1037

Name Resolution ..................................................1039

Domain Name System.........................................1039

Windows Internet Name Service................................1039

Peer Name Resolution Protocol ................................1039

Location and Topology.............................................1042

Network Location Awareness (NLA).............................1042

Link-Layer Topology Discovery (LLTD)...........................1043

Protocol Drivers ...................................................1044

Windows Filtering Platform (WFP) ..............................1047

NDIS Drivers ......................................................1053

Variations on the NDIS Miniport................................1057

Connection-Oriented NDIS ....................................1057

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Table of Contents

xvii

Remote NDIS ................................................1060

QoS.........................................................1062

Binding...........................................................1064

Layered Network Services ..........................................1066

Remote Access ...............................................1066

Active Directory..............................................1066

Network Load Balancing ......................................1068

Distributed File System and DFS Replication......................1069

Conclusion........................................................1071

13 Startup and Shutdown.................................1073

Boot Process ......................................................1073

BIOS Preboot ................................................1073

The BIOS Boot Sector and Bootmgr.............................1077

The EFI Boot Process..........................................1086

Initializing the Kernel and Executive Subsystems..................1088

Smss, Csrss, and Wininit .......................................1094

ReadyBoot...................................................1099

Images That Start Automatically ................................1100

Troubleshooting Boot and Startup Problems ..........................1101

Last Known Good.............................................1101

Safe Mode...................................................1101

Windows Recovery Environment (WinRE)........................1106

Solving Common Boot Problems ...............................1109

Shutdown.........................................................1115

Conclusion........................................................1118

14 Crash Dump Analysis ..................................1119

Why Does Windows Crash? .........................................1119

The Blue Screen ...................................................1120

Troubleshooting Crashes............................................1124

Crash Dump Files ..................................................1125

Crash Dump Generation .......................................1130

Windows Error Reporting...........................................1131

Online Crash Analysis ..............................................1133

Basic Crash Dump Analysis ..........................................1134

Notmyfault ..................................................1134

Basic Crash Dump Analysis.....................................1135

Verbose Analysis .............................................1137

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xix

Foreword

It’s both a pleasure and an honor for me to write the foreword for this latest edition of

Windows Internals. Many signiﬁcant changes have occurred in Windows since the last edition

of the book, and David, Mark, and Alex have done an excellent job of updating the book to

address them. Whether you are new to Windows internals or an old hand at kernel develop-

ment, you will ﬁnd lots of detailed analysis and examples to help improve your understand-

ing of the core mechanisms of Windows as well as the general principles of operating system

design.

Today, Windows enjoys unprecedented breadth and depth in the computing world. Variants

of the original Windows NT design run on everything from Xbox game consoles to desktop

and laptop computers to clusters of servers with dozens of processors and petabytes of stor-

age. Advances such as hypervisors, 64-bit computing, multicore and many-core processor

designs, ﬂash-based storage, and wireless and peer-to-peer networking continue to provide

plenty of interesting and innovative areas for operating system design.

One such area of innovation is security. Over the past decade, the entire computing indus-

try—and Microsoft in particular—has been confronted with huge new threats, and security

has become the top issue facing many of our customers. Attacks such as Blaster and Sasser

threatened to bring the entire Internet to its knees, and Windows was at the eye of the hur-

ricane. It was obvious to us that we could no longer afford to do business as usual, as many

of the usability and simplicity features designed into Windows were being used to attack it

for nefarious reasons. At ﬁrst the hackers were teenagers trying to gain notoriety by breaking

into systems or adding grafﬁti to a corporate Web site, but pretty soon the attacks intensiﬁed

and went underground. The hackers became more sophisticated and evaded inspection. You

rarely see headlines about viruses and worms these days, but make no mistake—botnets and

identity theft are big business today, as are industrial and government espionage through

targeted attacks.

In January 2002, Bill Gates sent his now-famous “Trustworthy Computing” memorandum to

all Microsoft employees. It was a call to action that resonated well and charted the course

for how we would build software and conduct business over the coming years. Nearly the

entire Windows engineering team was diverted to work on Windows XP SP2, a service pack

dedicated almost entirely to improving the security of the operating system. The Security

Development Lifecycle (SDL) was developed and applied to all Microsoft products, with

particular emphasis on Windows Vista as the ﬁrst version of the operating system designed

from the ground up to be secure. SDL speciﬁes strict guidelines and processes for secure

software development. Sophisticated tools have been developed to scan everything from

source code to system binaries to network protocols for common security vulnerabilities.

Every time a new security vulnerability is discovered, it is analyzed, and mitigations are devel-

oped to address that potential attack vector. Windows Vista has now been in the market for

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