Hadley与Garrett的《R数据分析宝典》：tidyverse工具详解

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tory analysis). The focus of this book is unabashedly on hypothesis

generation, or data exploration. Here you’ll look deeply at the data

and, in combination with your subject knowledge, generate many

interesting hypotheses to help explain why the data behaves the way

it does. You evaluate the hypotheses informally, using your skepti‐

cism to challenge the data in multiple ways.

The complement of hypothesis generation is hypothesis confirma‐

tion. Hypothesis confirmation is hard for two reasons:

• You need a precise mathematical model in order to generate fal‐

sifiable predictions. This often requires considerable statistical

sophistication.

• You can only use an observation once to confirm a hypothesis.

As soon as you use it more than once you’re back to doing

exploratory analysis. This means to do hypothesis confirmation

you need to “preregister” (write out in advance) your analysis

plan, and not deviate from it even when you have seen the data.

We’ll talk a little about some strategies you can use to make this

easier in Part IV.

It’s common to think about modeling as a tool for hypothesis confir‐

mation, and visualization as a tool for hypothesis generation. But

that’s a false dichotomy: models are often used for exploration, and

with a little care you can use visualization for confirmation. The key

difference is how often you look at each observation: if you look

only once, it’s confirmation; if you look more than once, it’s explora‐

tion.

Prerequisites

We’ve made a few assumptions about what you already know in

order to get the most out of this book. You should be generally

numerically literate, and it’s helpful if you have some programming

experience already. If you’ve never programmed before, you might

find Hands-On Programming with R by Garrett to be a useful

adjunct to this book.

There are four things you need to run the code in this book: R,

RStudio, a collection of R packages called the tidyverse, and a hand‐

ful of other packages. Packages are the fundamental units of repro‐

xiv | Preface

• If we want to make it clear what package an object comes from,

we’ll use the package name followed by two colons, like

dplyr::mutate() or nycflights13::flights. This is also valid

R code.

Getting Help and Learning More

This book is not an island; there is no single resource that will allow

you to master R. As you start to apply the techniques described in

this book to your own data you will soon find questions that I do

not answer. This section describes a few tips on how to get help, and

to help you keep learning.

If you get stuck, start with Google. Typically, adding “R” to a query

is enough to restrict it to relevant results: if the search isn’t useful, it

often means that there aren’t any R-specific results available. Google

is particularly useful for error messages. If you get an error message

and you have no idea what it means, try googling it! Chances are

that someone else has been confused by it in the past, and there will

be help somewhere on the web. (If the error message isn’t in English,

run Sys.setenv(LANGUAGE = "en") and re-run the code; you’re

more likely to find help for English error messages.)

If Google doesn’t help, try stackoverflow. Start by spending a little

time searching for an existing answer; including [R] restricts your

search to questions and answers that use R. If you don’t find any‐

thing useful, prepare a minimal reproducible example or reprex. A

good reprex makes it easier for other people to help you, and often

you’ll figure out the problem yourself in the course of making it.

There are three things you need to include to make your example

reproducible: required packages, data, and code:

•

Packages should be loaded at the top of the script, so it’s easy to

see which ones the example needs. This is a good time to check

that you’re using the latest version of each package; it’s possible

you’ve discovered a bug that’s been fixed since you installed the

package. For packages in the tidyverse, the easiest way to check

is to run tidyverse_update().

• The easiest way to include data in a question is to use dput() to

generate the R code to re-create it. For example, to re-create the

mtcars dataset in R, I’d perform the following steps:

xviii | Preface

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