Three.js入门指南：WebGL 3D图形创作详解

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"Learning Three.js: The JavaScript 3D Library for WebGL" 《Learning Three.js》是一本由Jos Dirksen所著的专业书籍，专为WebGL领域的初学者量身打造。Three.js是一个开源的JavaScript库，它允许开发者在Web浏览器上创建和动画化出色的3D图形，极大地扩展了HTML5 canvas的3D渲染能力。这本书旨在通过详细的教程和实例，引导读者掌握如何利用Three.js进行3D图形开发。书中覆盖的核心知识点包括： 1. **Three.js简介**：解释了Three.js在JavaScript中的角色，以及它是如何利用WebGL（Web浏览器原生支持的低级3D图形API）来实现3D渲染的。 2. **环境搭建**：介绍了如何安装、配置和理解Three.js的基本工作原理，包括加载场景、相机、灯光和材质等基本组件。 3. **几何体与模型**：涵盖了如何创建和操纵3D几何体，如立方体、球体、圆柱体，以及加载和使用外部3D模型（如.obj或.glb格式）。 4. **纹理和着色**：讨论了纹理映射、材质系统和着色器的应用，帮助读者实现更真实和丰富的视觉效果。 5. **动画与交互**：包括关键帧动画、骨骼动画、粒子系统以及用户交互的3D元素控制。 6. **光照与阴影**：介绍各种光照技术，如点光源、聚光灯和全局光照，以及阴影的处理方法。 7. **性能优化**：探讨了如何提高3D应用的性能，包括减少冗余计算、优化渲染管线和利用WebGL的特性。尽管书本定价较高，但其清晰的图片和深入浅出的讲解使其成为初学者学习Three.js的理想资源。然而，需要注意的是，版权方面，所有内容未经作者和Packt Publishing事先书面许可不得复制、存储或以任何形式传输。此外，尽管作者和出版商努力确保信息的准确性，但书中提供的内容不带任何保证，不承担因本书引起的直接或间接损害的责任。《Learning Three.js》是一本全面且实用的指南，适合那些希望在Web前端开发中探索3D世界、制作三维游戏或交互式应用的开发者。无论是独立学习者还是团队项目，这本书都能为读者提供坚实的理论基础和实践经验。

Preface

In the last couple of years, browsers have gotten more powerful and are capable

platforms to deliver complex applications and graphics. Most of this, though, is

standard 2D graphics. Most modern browsers have adopted WebGL, which allows

you to not only create 2D applications and graphics in the browser, but also create

beautiful and good performing 3D applications, using the capabilities of the GPU.

Programming WebGL directly, however, is very complex. You need to know the

inner details of WebGL and learn a complex shader language to get the most out of

WebGL. The Three.js library provides a very easy-to-use JavaScript API based on the

features of WebGL, so that you can create beautiful 3D graphics, without having to

learn the WebGL details.

The Three.js library provides a large number of features and APIs that you can use

to create 3D scenes directly in your browser. In this book you'll learn all the different

APIs that the Three.js library has to offer through lots of interactive examples and

code samples.

What this book covers

Chapter 1, Creating Your First 3D Scene with Three.js, covers the basic steps that you

need to take to get started with the Three.js library. You'll immediately create your

rst Three.js scene and at the end of this chapter, you'll be able to create and animate

your rst 3D scene directly in the browser.

Chapter 2, Working with the Basic Components That Make Up a Three.js Scene, explains

the basic components that you need to understand while working with the Three.js

library. You'll learn about lights, meshes, geometries, materials, and cameras. In this

chapter you will also get an overview of the different lights that the Three.js library

provides and the cameras you can use in your scene.

Preface

[ 2 ]

Chapter 3, Working with the Different Light Sources Available in Three.js, dives deeper

into the different lights that you can use in your scene. It shows examples and

explains how to use a SpotLight, DirectionLight, AmbientLight, PointLight,

HemisphereLight, and AreaLight sources. Additionally, it also shows how to

apply a LensFlare effect on your light source.

Chapter 4, Working with the Three.js Materials, talks about the materials available in

the Three.js library that you can use in your meshes. It shows all the properties that

you can set to congure the materials for your specic use and provides interactive

examples to experiment with the materials that are available in the Three.js library.

Chapter 5, Learning to Work with Geometries, is the rst of two chapters that explores all

the geometries that are provided by the Three.js library. In this chapter you'll learn

how to create and congure geometries in Three.js and you can experiment by using

the provided interactive examples, with geometries such as plane, circle, shape, cube,

sphere, cylinder, Torus, TorusKnot, and PolyHedron.

Chapter 6, Using Advanced Geometries and Binary Operations, continues where Chapter 5

left off. It shows you how to congure and use the more advanced geometries that are

provided by the Three.js library such as Convex and Lathe. In this chapter you'll also

learn how to extrude 3D geometries from the 2D shapes and how you can create new

geometries by combining geometries using binary operations.

Chapter 7, Particles and the Particle System, explains how to use the particle system

from the Three.js library. You'll learn how to create a particle system from scratch,

and from the existing geometries. In this chapter you'll also learn how you can

modify the way the particles look through the use of sprites and particle materials.

Chapter 8, Creating and Loading Advanced Meshes and Geometries, shows you how to

import meshes and geometries from external sources. You'll learn how to use the

Three.js library internal JSON format in order to save the geometries and scenes. This

chapter also explains how to load models from formats like OBJ, DAE, STL, CTM,

and PLY.

Chapter 9, Animations and Moving the Camera, explores the various types of animations

that you can use to make your scene come to life. You'll learn how to use the Tween.

js library together with Three.js, and you'll learn how to work with the animation

models based on morphs and skeletons.

Chapter 10, Loading and Working with Textures, expands on Chapter 4 where materials

were introduced. In this chapter we will dive into the details of textures. It introduces

the various types of textures that are available and how you can control a texture that

is applied to your mesh. Additionally in this chapter, you are shown how you can

directly use the output from the HTML5 video and canvas elements as input for

your textures.

Preface

[ 3 ]

Chapter 11, Custom Shaders and Render Post Processing, explores how you can use the

Three.js library to apply the post processing effects to your rendered scene. With post

processing you can apply effects, such as blur, tilt shift, and sepia to your rendered

scene. Besides this, you'll also learn how to create your own post processing effect

and create a custom vertex and fragment shader.

Chapter 12, Adding Physics to Your Scene with Physijs, explains how you can add

physics to your Three.js scene. With physics, you can detect collisions between

objects, make them respond to gravity, and apply friction. This chapter shows

how to do so with the Physics JavaScript library.

What you need for this book

All that you need for this book is a text editor (for example, Sublime Text Editor) to

play around with the examples and a modern web browser to access the examples.

Some examples require a local web server, but you'll learn in Chapter 1 how to set up

a very lightweight web server to use with the examples in this book.

Disclaimer:

Before we get started, a quick note on possible problems with the

examples in this book. In Chapter 1 we give an overview of the browser

support for WebGL, which is needed for Three.js. Modern browsers such

as Chrome, Firefox, and Internet Explorer have good support for this

standard. There is, however, something you need to take into account.

When newer versions of browsers appear, they sometimes break support

for specic features of WebGL. For instance, as of nalizing this book,

Chrome and Firefox on Windows 7 have issues with the examples of

Chapter 11. So make sure to upgrade to the latest versions of Chrome and

Firefox before trying these examples.

Who this book is for

This book is great for everyone who already knows JavaScript and wants to

start with creating 3D graphics that run in any browser. You don't need to know

anything about advanced math or WebGL, all that is needed is a general knowledge

of JavaScript and HTML. The required materials and examples can be freely

downloaded and all the tools used in this book are open source. So if you've ever

wanted to learn how to create beautiful, interactive 3D graphics that run in any

modern browser, this is the book for you.

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