ITU-T H.265 高效视频编码标准详解

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"HEVC标准协议（英文版）下载 - H265/HEVC协议标准" HEVC（High Efficiency Video Coding），全称为高效视频编码，是继H.264/AVC之后的一个重要的视频编码标准，由国际电讯联盟（ITU-T）的VCEG（视频编码专家小组）和ISO/IEC的MPEG（运动图像专家组）共同制定。这个标准也被称为H.265，旨在提供与H.264相同的视频质量，但需要的比特率大约减少了一半，从而提高了编码效率。 H.265/HEVC协议在设计时考虑了多种技术，包括： 1. **块划分**：HEVC引入了更精细的块划分结构，允许视频帧被分割成不同大小的方形宏块，最小可达8x8像素，最大可达64x64像素，并且可以进行非矩形划分，以适应不同区域的复杂度。 2. **熵编码**：HEVC采用了改进的熵编码方式，如上下文自适应二进制算术编码（CABAC）和上下文自适应变量长度编码（CAVLC），以更高效地传输编码信息。 3. **预测技术**：HEVC利用更复杂的预测模式，包括帧内预测（intra-prediction）和帧间预测（inter-prediction）。帧内预测增加了多个预测方向，而帧间预测则支持多参考帧和更灵活的运动补偿。 4. **变换与量化**：HEVC使用更宽的离散余弦变换（DCT）和离散正交变换（DWT）域，以及更精细的量化步长，来减少冗余信息并压缩数据。 5. **多层级编码**：支持分级编码（multi-layer coding），可以生成不同质量级别的视频流，适合不同的网络条件和终端设备。 6. **子像素运动估计**：HEVC的运动估计支持1/4像素和1/8像素精度，提高运动补偿的准确性，进一步提升压缩效率。 7. **编码单元和工具**：引入了编码树单元（CTU）、预测单元（PU）和变换单元（TU）的概念，允许编码器根据内容选择最佳的编码策略。 8. **语法优化**：HEVC对编码语法进行了简化和优化，减少了码流中的元数据量，提高了解码效率。 9. **增强的位深度支持**：HEVC支持高动态范围（HDR）视频，可以处理更高位深度的信号，提供更丰富的色彩和对比度。 10. **多视图编码**：HEVC还包括多视图视频编码（MVC）的扩展，适用于3D视频和其他多视点应用。 H.265/HEVC标准的广泛应用在于高清和超高清视频流媒体、视频会议、移动设备视频播放、监控摄像头等场景，因其高效的编码能力，即使在网络带宽有限的情况下也能提供优质的视频体验。然而，更高的编码复杂性意味着对硬件的要求也相应提高，因此在编码和解码设备上需要有足够的处理能力来支持HEVC的运行。随着技术的发展，HEVC的实施和优化也在持续进行，以应对未来更高质量和更多样化的视频需求。

 
xiv  Rec. ITU-T H.265 v8 (08/2021) 
Table 9-34 – Values of initValue for ctxIdx of cu_chroma_qp_offset_flag ................................................................... 214 
Table 9-35 – Values of initValue for ctxIdx of cu_chroma_qp_offset_idx .................................................................... 214 
Table 9-36 – Values of initValue for ctxIdx of log2_res_scale_abs_plus1 .................................................................... 215 
Table 9-37 – Values of initValue for ctxIdx of res_scale_sign_flag .............................................................................. 215 
Table 9-38 – Values of initValue for ctxIdx of palette_mode_flag ................................................................................ 215 
Table 9-39 – Values of initValue for ctxIdx of tu_residual_act_flag ............................................................................. 215 
Table 9-40 – Values of initValue for ctxIdx of palette_run_prefix ................................................................................ 215 
Table 9-41  –  Values  of  initValue  for  ctxIdx  of  copy_above_palette_indices_flag  and  copy_above_indices_for_
final_run_flag ......................................................................................................................................................... 216 
Table 9-42 – Values of initValue for ctxIdx of palette_transpose_flag .......................................................................... 216 
Table 9-43 – Syntax elements and associated binarizations ........................................................................................... 218 
Table 9-44 – Bin string of the unary binarization (informative) ..................................................................................... 221 
Table 9-45 – Binarization for part_mode ........................................................................................................................ 223 
Table 9-46 – Binarization for intra_chroma_pred_mode ................................................................................................ 224 
Table 9-47 – Binarization for inter_pred_idc ................................................................................................................. 224 
Table 9-48 – Assignment of ctxInc to syntax elements with context coded bins ........................................................... 228 
Table 9-49 – Specification of ctxInc using left and above syntax elements ................................................................... 230 
Table 9-50 – Specification of ctxIdxMap[ i ] ................................................................................................................. 232 
Table 9-51 – Specification of ctxIdxMap[ copy_above_palette_indices_flag ][ binIdx ] .............................................. 234 
Table 9-52 – Specification of rangeTabLps depending on the values of pStateIdx and qRangeIdx .............................. 238 
Table 9-53 – State transition table .................................................................................................................................. 239 
Table A.1 – Allowed values for syntax elements in the format range extensions profiles ............................................. 253 
Table A.2 – Bitstream indications for conformance to format range extensions profiles ............................................... 254 
Table A.3 – Bitstream indications for conformance to high throughput profiles ........................................................... 257 
Table A.4 – Allowed values for syntax elements in the screen content coding extensions profiles ............................... 258 
Table A.5 – Bitstream indications for conformance to screen content coding extensions profiles ................................ 259 
Table A.6 – Allowed values for syntax elements in the high throughput screen content coding extensions profiles .... 261 
Table A.7 – Bitstream indications for conformance to high throughput screen content coding extensions profiles ...... 262 
Table A.8 – General tier and level limits ........................................................................................................................ 264 
Table A.9 – Tier and level limits for the video profiles .................................................................................................. 266 
Table A.10 – Specification of CpbVclFactor, CpbNalFactor, FormatCapabilityFactor and MinCrScaleFactor ............ 267 
Table A.11  –  Maximum  picture  rates  (pictures  per  second)  at  level  1  to  4.1  for  some  example  picture  sizes  when 
MinCbSizeY is equal to 64 ..................................................................................................................................... 269 
Table A.12  –  Maximum  picture  rates  (pictures  per  second)  at  level  5  to  6.2  for  some  example  picture  sizes  when 
MinCbSizeY is equal to 64 ..................................................................................................................................... 270 
Table D.1 – Persistence scope of SEI messages (informative) ....................................................................................... 318 
Table D.2 – Interpretation of pic_struct .......................................................................................................................... 326 
Table D.3 – scene_transition_type values ...................................................................................................................... 333 
Table D.4 – film_grain_model_id values ....................................................................................................................... 336 
Table D.5 – blending_mode_id values ........................................................................................................................... 337 
Table D.6 – filter_hint_type values ................................................................................................................................ 342 

 
    Rec. ITU-T H.265 v8 (08/2021)  xv 
Table D.7 – Interpretation of camera_iso_speed_idc and exposure_idx_idc ................................................................. 345 
Table D.8 – Definition of frame_packing_arrangement_type ........................................................................................ 347 
Table D.9 – Definition of content_interpretation_type ................................................................................................... 348 
Table D.10 – Interpretation of hash_type ....................................................................................................................... 355 
Table D.11 – Definition of counting_type[ i ] values ..................................................................................................... 362 
Table D.12 – Definition of segmented_rect_content_interpretation_type ...................................................................... 366 
Table D.13 – ver_chroma_filter_idc values .................................................................................................................... 372 
Table D.14 – hor_chroma_filter_idc values ................................................................................................................... 373 
Table D.15 – Chroma sampling format indicated by target_format_idc ........................................................................ 373 
Table D.16 – Constraints on the value of num_vertical_filters ...................................................................................... 374 
Table D.17 – Constraints on the value of num_horizontal_filters .................................................................................. 374 
Table D.18 – Values of verFilterCoeff and verTapLength when ver_chroma_filter_idc is equal to 2 ........................... 375 
Table D.19 – Values of horFilterCoeff and horTapLength when hor_chroma_filter_idc is equal to 2 .......................... 375 
Table D.20 – Usage of chroma filter in the vertical direction ........................................................................................ 378 
Table D.21 – Usage of chroma filter in the horizontal direction .................................................................................... 380 
Table D.22 – rwp_transform_type[ i ] values ................................................................................................................. 396 
Table D.23 – Interpretation of manifest_sei_description[ i ] .......................................................................................... 411 
Table E.1 – Interpretation of sample aspect ratio indicator ............................................................................................ 421 
Table E.2 – Meaning of video_format ............................................................................................................................ 422 
Table E.3 – Colour primaries interpretation using the colour_primaries syntax element ............................................... 423 
Table E.4 – Transfer characteristics interpretation using the transfer_characteristics syntax element ........................... 424 
Table E.5 – Matrix coefficients interpretation using the matrix_coeffs syntax element ................................................. 431 
Table E.6  –  Definition  of  HorizontalOffsetC  and  VerticalOffsetC  as  a  function  of  chroma_format_idc  and 
ChromaLocType ..................................................................................................................................................... 433 
Table E.7 – Divisor for computation of DpbOutputElementalInterval[ n ] .................................................................... 439 
Table F.1 – Mapping of ScalabiltyId to scalability dimensions ...................................................................................... 465 
Table F.2 – Mapping of AuxId to the type of auxiliary pictures .................................................................................... 467 
Table F.3 – Specification of CompatibleProfileList ....................................................................................................... 514 
Table F.4 – Persistence scope of SEI messages (informative) ........................................................................................ 537 
Table G.1 – Persistence scope of SEI messages (informative) ....................................................................................... 567 
Table G.2 – Association between camera parameter variables and syntax elements ..................................................... 569 
Table G.3 – Definition of depth_representation_type .................................................................................................... 571 
Table G.4 – Association between depth parameter variables and syntax elements ........................................................ 571 
Table G.5 – Association between camera parameter variables and syntax elements. .................................................... 576 
Table H.1 – 16-phase luma resampling filter .................................................................................................................. 583 
Table H.2 – 16-phase chroma resampling filter .............................................................................................................. 584 
Table H.3 – Allowed values for syntax elements in the scalable format range extensions profiles ............................... 596 
Table H.4 – Bitstream indications for conformance to scalable range extensions profiles............................................. 597 
Table I.1 – Name association to prediction mode and partitioning type ......................................................................... 628 
Table I.2 – Specification of intra prediction mode and associated names ...................................................................... 635 

 
xvi  Rec. ITU-T H.265 v8 (08/2021) 
Table I.3 – Specification of divCoeff depending on sDenomDiv ................................................................................... 663 
Table I.4 – Association of ctxIdx and syntax elements for each initializationType in the initialization process ........... 676 
Table I.5 – Values of initValue for skip_intra_flag ctxIdx ............................................................................................. 677 
Table I.6 – Values of initValue for no_dim_flag ctxIdx ................................................................................................. 677 
Table I.7 – Values of initValue for depth_intra_mode_idx_flag ctxIdx ......................................................................... 677 
Table I.8 – Values of initValue for skip_intra_mode_idx ctxIdx ................................................................................... 677 
Table I.9 – Values of initValue for dbbp_flag ctxIdx ..................................................................................................... 677 
Table I.10 – Values of initValue for dc_only_flag ctxIdx .............................................................................................. 677 
Table I.11 – Values of initValue for iv_res_pred_weight_idx ctxIdx ............................................................................ 677 
Table I.12 – Values of initValue for illu_comp_flag ctxIdx ........................................................................................... 678 
Table I.13 – Values of initValue for depth_dc_present_flag ctxIdx ............................................................................... 678 
Table I.14 – Values of initValue for depth_dc_abs ctxIdx ............................................................................................. 678 
Table I.15 – Syntax elements and associated binarizations ............................................................................................ 679 
Table I.16 – Binarization for part_mode ......................................................................................................................... 679 
Table I.17 – Assignment of ctxInc to syntax elements with context coded bins ............................................................ 681 
Table I.18 – Specification of ctxInc using left and above syntax elements .................................................................... 681 
Table I.19 – Persistence scope of SEI messages (informative) ....................................................................................... 686 
Table I.20 – Interpretation of depth_type ....................................................................................................................... 687 
Table I.21 – Locations of the top-left luma samples of constituent pictures packed in a picture with ViewIdx greater than 
0 relative to the top-left luma sample of this picture .............................................................................................. 687 
 

Rec. ITU-T H.265 v8 (08/2021) xvii

Foreword

The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is the United Nations specialized agency in the field of

telecommunications. The ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) is a permanent organ of ITU. ITU-T

is responsible for studying technical, operating and tariff questions and issuing Recommendations on them with a view

to standardizing telecommunications on a world-wide basis. The World Telecommunication Standardization Assembly

(WTSA), which meets every four years, establishes the topics for study by the ITU-T study groups that, in turn, produce

Recommendations on these topics. The approval of ITU-T Recommendations is covered by the procedure laid down in

WTSA Resolution 1. In some areas of information technology that fall within ITU-T's purview, the necessary standards

are prepared on a collaborative basis with ISO and IEC.

ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical Commission) form

the specialized system for world-wide standardization. National Bodies that are members of ISO and IEC participate in

the development of International Standards through technical committees established by the respective organization to

deal with particular fields of technical activity. ISO and IEC technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest.

Other international organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the

work. In the field of information technology, ISO and IEC have established a joint technical committee, ISO/IEC JTC 1.

Draft International Standards adopted by the joint technical committee are circulated to national bodies for voting.

Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75% of the national bodies casting a vote.

This Recommendation | International Standard was prepared jointly by ITU-T SG 16 Question 6/16, also known as

VCEG (Video Coding Experts Group), and by the working groups of ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 known as MPEG (Moving

Picture Experts Group). VCEG was formed in 1997 to maintain prior ITU-T video coding standards and develop new

video coding standard(s) appropriate for a wide range of conversational and non-conversational services. MPEG was

formed in 1988 to establish standards for coding of moving pictures and associated audio for various applications such as

digital storage media, distribution, and communication.

In this Recommendation | International Standard Annexes A through I contain normative requirements and are an integral

part of this Recommendation | International Standard.

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