Java泛型与集合详解：Naftalin & Wadler经典指南

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《Java泛型与集合》是由Maurice Naftalin和Philip Wadler合著的一本专著，由O'Reilly Media出版，版权于2007年。这本书深入浅出地介绍了Java语言中的泛型和集合框架，是Java程序员必备的参考资料，特别是对于那些希望理解并掌握高级数据结构和类型安全编程技巧的开发者来说。泛型是Java 5.0引入的重要特性，它允许程序员在编写代码时声明方法和类能够处理多种数据类型，从而提高代码的复用性和可读性。本书主要讲解的内容包括： 1. **泛型基础**：首先介绍什么是泛型，以及为什么在Java中引入泛型的概念。它如何帮助消除类型转换的强制性和潜在的运行时错误，提高代码的类型安全性。 2. **集合框架**：作者详细讲解了Java集合框架，包括List、Set、Map等接口及其实现类（如ArrayList、LinkedList、HashSet、HashMap等），展示了泛型在这些集合类中的应用，使得操作不同类型数据更加优雅。 3. **类型参数和约束**：书中会解释如何定义和使用类型参数，以及如何通过上界、下界和通配符来限制类型参数的范围，确保代码的正确性。 4. **类型推断**：学习如何让Java编译器自动推断类型参数，减少冗余的类型声明，提升开发效率。 5. **泛型在高级设计中的作用**：讨论如何利用泛型进行更复杂的算法设计和模块化，以及在并发编程中的应用。 6. **最佳实践和案例分析**：书中提供了许多实际编程场景和示例，帮助读者理解和掌握如何在项目中有效地使用泛型。《Java泛型和集合》是一本实用的教程，适合Java开发者系统学习泛型的原理和实践，同时对于理解Java集合框架的深层次原理也具有重要意义。阅读这本书不仅能提升编程技能，还能避免因类型不匹配引发的潜在问题，有助于构建更加健壮和灵活的代码库。

• We often include code that corresponds to the body of an appropriate main method:

Stack<Integer> stack = new ArrayStack<Integer>();

for (int i = 0; i<4; i++) stack.push(i);

assert stack.toString().equals("stack[0, 1, 2, 3]");

• Code fragments are printed in fixed-width font when they appear within a para-

graph (as when we referred to a main method in the preceding item).

• We often omit standard imports. Code that uses the Java Collection Framework

or other utility classes should be preceded by the line:

import java.util.*;

• Sample interactive sessions, showing command-line input and corresponding out-

put, are shown in constant-width font, with user-supplied input preceded by a

percent sign:

% javac g/Stack.java g/ArrayStack.java g/Stacks.java l/Client.java

Note: Client.java uses unchecked or unsafe operations.

Note: Recompile with -Xlint:unchecked for details.

• When user-supplied input is two lines long, the first line is ended with a backslash:

% javac -Xlint:unchecked g/Stack.java g/ArrayStack.java \

% g/Stacks.java l/Client.java

l/Client.java:4: warning: [unchecked] unchecked call

to push(E) as a member of the raw type Stack

for (int i = 0; i<4; i++) stack.push(new Integer(i));

Using Code Examples

This book is here to help you get your job done. In general, you may use the code in

this book in your programs and documentation. You do not need to contact us for

permission unless you’re reproducing a significant portion of the code. For example,

writing a program that uses several chunks of code from this book does not require

permission. Selling or distributing a CD-ROM of examples from O’Reilly books does

require permission. Answering a question by citing this book and quoting example

code does not require permission. Incorporating a significant amount of example code

from this book into your product’s documentation does require permission.

We appreciate, but do not require, attribution. An attribution usually includes the title,

author, publisher, and ISBN. For example: "Java Generics and Collections, by Maurice

If you feel your use of code examples falls outside fair use or the permission given above,

feel free to contact us at permissions@oreilly.com.

xiv | Preface

PART I

Generics

Generics are a powerful, and sometimes controversial, new feature of the Java pro-

gramming language. This part of the book describes generics, using the Collections

Framework as a source of examples. A comprehensive introduction to the Collections

Framework appears in the second part of the book.

The first five chapters focus on the fundamentals of generics. Chapter 1 gives an over-

view of generics and other new features in Java 5, including boxing, foreach loops, and

functions with a variable number of arguments. Chapter 2 reviews how subtyping

works and explains how wildcards let you use subtyping in connection with generics.

Chapter 3 describes how generics work with the Comparable interface, which requires

a notion of bounds on type variables. Chapter 4 looks at how generics work with various

declarations, including constructors, static members, and nested classes. Chapter 5

explains how to evolve legacy code to exploit generics, and how ease of evolution is a

key advantage of the design of generics in Java. Once you have these five chapters under

your belt, you will be able to use generics effectively in most basic situations.

The next four chapters treat advanced topics. Chapter 6 explains how the same design

that leads to ease of evolution also necessarily leads to a few rough edges in the treat-

ment of casts, exceptions, and arrays. The fit between generics and arrays is the worst

rough corner of the language, and we formulate two principles to help you work around

the problems. Chapter 7 explains new features that relate generics and reflection, in-

cluding the newly generified type Class<T> and additions to the Java library that support

reflection of generic types. Chapter 8 contains advice on how to use generics effectively

in practical coding. We consider checked collections, security issues, specialized

classes, and binary compatibility. Chapter 9 presents five extended examples, looking

at how generics affect five well-known design patterns: Visitor, Interpreter, Function,

Strategy, and Subject-Observer.

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