NS3学习指南：模块详解与应用示例

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NS3学习手册是一份详尽的指南，介绍了NS3仿真平台的各个模块和功能。NS3是一个强大的开源网络模拟器，用于研究和开发复杂的无线和有线通信网络。本手册针对NS3 3.24版本，提供了从组织结构到具体应用模块的深入讲解。 1. **组织结构**：章节1概述了NS3的整体架构，包括其模块划分和文件组织方式，这对于理解和安装NS3至关重要。 2. **动画支持（NetAnim）**：第2章详细介绍了NetAnim模块，它是一种可视化工具，帮助用户动态展示网络行为，便于理解和调试。 3. **Antenna Module**：第3章着重于描述该模块的设计文档、用户指南和测试文档，涵盖了天线模型的实现和使用方法。 4. **AODV（AdHoc On-Demand Distance Vector）**：第4节深入剖析了AdHoc On-Demand Distance Vector路由协议的模型描述，适用于研究自组网（Ad Hoc）中的路径发现算法。 5. **应用程序支持**：第5部分介绍如何在NS3中集成和使用不同的应用程序模型，以模拟真实世界的网络应用场景。 6. **BridgeNetDevice**：章节6探讨桥接设备在NS3中的应用，包括设计文档、使用方法和验证过程。 7. **BRITE Integration**：这部分介绍了BRITE（Berkeley Internet Research Infrastructure for Experimentation）与NS3的集成，包括模型描述、用法以及BRITE在实验中的作用。 8. **BuildingsModule**：涉及建筑物模块的设计、用户文档、测试文档和参考文献，用于研究城市或室内网络环境下的通信。 9. **Click Modular Router Integration**：详细解释了Click modular router模型如何融入NS3，包括模型描述、使用方法以及验证其性能。 10. **CSMA/CD网络模型**：第10章介绍了Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection（CSMA/CD）模型的各个方面，包括模型概述、CSMA通道模型、设备模型、使用方法、跟踪工具和总结。 11. **数据收集与分析**：这一部分涵盖了数据收集的设计、辅助工具、探测器、收集器、聚合器和适配器，以及其适用范围和局限性。 12. **DSDV Routing**：最后，第12章专门讨论分布式选路协议DSDV（Dynamic Source Routing）的概览，以及在NS3中的实施细节。这份NS3学习手册为读者提供了全面的指导，无论是对网络模拟基础感兴趣的初学者，还是希望深入研究特定模块的专业人员，都能从中找到所需的信息。通过学习这些内容，用户能够熟练地使用NS3进行网络仿真和实验研究。

ns-3 Model Library, Release ns-3.24

format along with the corresponding tx and rx timestamps. The XML format will be discussed in a later section. It is

important to note that AnimationInterface records a packet only if the rx trace hooks are called. Every tx event must

be matched by an rx event.

2.1.2 Downloading NetAnim

If NetAnim is not already available in the ns-3 package you downloaded, you can do the following:

Please ensure that you have installed mercurial. The latest version of NetAnim can be downloaded using mercurial

with the following command:

$ hg clone http://code.nsnam.org/netanim

2.1.3 Building NetAnim

Prerequisites

Qt4 (4.7 and over) is required to build NetAnim. This can be obtained using the following ways:

For Debian/Ubuntu Linux distributions:

$ apt-get install qt4-dev-tools

For Red Hat/Fedora based distribution:

$ yum install qt4

$ yum install qt4-devel

For Mac/OSX, see http://qt.nokia.com/downloads/

Build steps

To build NetAnim use the following commands:

$ cd netanim

$ make clean

$ qmake NetAnim.pro (For MAC Users: qmake -spec macx-g++ NetAnim.pro)

$ make

Note: qmake could be “qmake-qt4” in some systems

This should create an executable named “NetAnim” in the same directory:

$ ls -l NetAnim

-rwxr-xr-x 1 john john 390395 2012-05-22 08:32 NetAnim

2.1.4 Usage

Using NetAnim is a two-step process

Step 1:Generate the animation XML trace ﬁle during simulation using “ns3::AnimationInterface” in the ns-3 code

base.

Step 2:Load the XML trace ﬁle generated in Step 1 with the ofﬂine Qt4-based animator named NetAnim.

10 Chapter 2. Animation

ns-3 Model Library, Release ns-3.24

Step 1: Generate XML animation trace ﬁle

The class “AnimationInterface” under “src/netanim” uses underlying ns-3 trace sources to construct a timestamped

ASCII ﬁle in XML format.

Examples are found under src/netanim/examples Example:

$ ./waf -d debug configure --enable-examples

$ ./waf --run "dumbbell-animation"

The above will create an XML ﬁle dumbbell-animation.xml

Mandatory

1. Ensure that your program’s wscript includes the “netanim” module. An example of such a wscript is at

src/netanim/examples/wscript.

2. Include the header [#include “ns3/netanim-module.h”] in your test program

3. Add the statement

AnimationInterface anim ("animation.xml"); // where "animation.xml" is any arbitrary filename

[for versions before ns-3.13 you also have to use the line “anim.SetXMLOutput() to set the XML mode and also use

anim.StartAnimation();]

Optional

The following are optional but useful steps:

// Step 1

anim.SetMobilityPollInterval (Seconds (1));

AnimationInterface records the position of all nodes every 250 ms by default. The statement above sets the periodic

interval at which AnimationInterface records the position of all nodes. If the nodes are expected to move very little, it

is useful to set a high mobility poll interval to avoid large XML ﬁles.

// Step 2

anim.SetConstantPosition (Ptr< Node > n, double x, double y);

AnimationInterface requires that the position of all nodes be set. In ns-3 this is done by setting an associated Mobili-

tyModel. “SetConstantPosition” is a quick way to set the x-y coordinates of a node which is stationary.

// Step 3

anim.SetStartTime (Seconds(150)); and anim.SetStopTime (Seconds(150));

AnimationInterface can generate large XML ﬁles. The above statements restricts the window between which Ani-

mationInterface does tracing. Restricting the window serves to focus only on relevant portions of the simulation and

creating manageably small XML ﬁles

// Step 4

AnimationInterface anim ("animation.xml", 50000);

Using the above constructor ensures that each animation XML trace ﬁle has only 50000 packets. For example, if

AnimationInterface captures 150000 packets, using the above constructor splits the capture into 3 ﬁles

• animation.xml - containing the packet range 1-50000

• animation.xml-1 - containing the packet range 50001-100000

2.1. NetAnim 11

ns-3 Model Library, Release ns-3.24

• animation.xml-2 - containing the packet range 100001-150000

// Step 5

anim.EnablePacketMetadata (true);

With the above statement, AnimationInterface records the meta-data of each packet in the xml trace ﬁle. Metadata

can be used by NetAnim to provide better statistics and ﬁlter, along with providing some brief information about the

packet such as TCP sequence number or source & destination IP address during packet animation.

CAUTION: Enabling this feature will result in larger XML trace ﬁles. Please do NOT enable this feature when using

Wimax links.

// Step 6

anim.UpdateNodeDescription (5, "Access-point");

With the above statement, AnimationInterface assigns the text “Access-point” to node 5.

// Step 7

anim.UpdateNodeSize (6, 1.5, 1.5);

With the above statement, AnimationInterface sets the node size to scale by 1.5. NetAnim automatically scales the

graphics view to ﬁt the oboundaries of the topology. This means that NetAnim, can abnormally scale a node’s size too

high or too low. Using AnimationInterface::UpdateNodeSize allows you to overwrite the default scaling in NetAnim

and use your own custom scale.

// Step 8

anim.UpdateNodeCounter (89, 7, 3.4);

With the above statement, AnimationInterface sets the counter with Id == 89, associated with Node 7 with the value

3.4. The counter with Id 89 is obtained using AnimationInterface::AddNodeCounter. An example usage for this is in

src/netanim/examples/resources_demo.cc.

Step 2: Loading the XML in NetAnim

1. Assuming NetAnim was built, use the command ”./NetAnim” to launch NetAnim. Please review the section

“Building NetAnim” if NetAnim is not available.

2. When NetAnim is opened, click on the File open button at the top-left corner, select the XML ﬁle generated

during Step 1.

3. Hit the green play button to begin animation.

Here is a video illustrating this http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tz_hUuNwFDs

2.1.5 Wiki

For detailed instructions on installing “NetAnim”, F.A.Qs and loading the XML trace ﬁle (mentioned earlier) using

NetAnim please refer: http://www.nsnam.org/wiki/NetAnim

12 Chapter 2. Animation

ns-3 Model Library, Release ns-3.24

3.1.3 Provided models

In this section we describe the antenna radiation pattern models that are included within the antenna module.

IsotropicAntennaModel

This antenna radiation pattern model provides a unitary gain (0 dB) for all direction.

CosineAntennaModel

This is the cosine model described in [Chunjian]: the antenna gain is determined as:

g(φ, θ) = cos



φ − φ



where φ

is the azimuthal orientation of the antenna (i.e., its direction of maximum gain) and the exponential

n = −

20 log



cos

3dB



determines the desired 3dB beamwidth φ

3dB

. Note that this radiation pattern is independent of the inclination angle θ.

A major difference between the model of [Chunjian] and the one implemented in the class CosineAntennaModel is that

only the element factor (i.e., what described by the above formulas) is considered. In fact, [Chunjian] also considered

an additional antenna array factor. The reason why the latter is excluded is that we expect that the average user would

desire to specify a given beamwidth exactly, without adding an array factor at a latter stage which would in practice

alter the effective beamwidth of the resulting radiation pattern.

ParabolicAntennaModel

This model is based on the parabolic approximation of the main lobe radiation pattern. It is often used in the context

of cellular system to model the radiation pattern of a cell sector, see for instance [R4-092042a] and [Calcev]. The

antenna gain in dB is determined as:

(φ, θ) = −min



φ − φ

3dB



, A

max

where φ

is the azimuthal orientation of the antenna (i.e., its direction of maximum gain), φ

3dB

is its 3 dB beamwidth,

and A

max

is the maximum attenuation in dB of the antenna. Note that this radiation pattern is independent of the

inclination angle θ.

3.2 User Documentation

The antenna moduled can be used with all the wireless technologies and physical layer models that support it. Cur-

rently, this includes the physical layer models based on the SpectrumPhy. Please refer to the documentation of each of

these models for details.

3.3 Testing Documentation

In this section we describe the test suites included with the antenna module that verify its correct functionality.

14 Chapter 3. Antenna Module

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