3G演进：HSPA与LTE移动宽带详解（第二版）

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《3G Evolution: HSPA and LTE for Mobile Broadband, 2nd Edition》是由Erik Dahlman、Stefan Parkvall、Johan Sköld和Per Bengming共同编著的一本专业书籍，针对移动宽带领域中的3G演进技术进行了深入探讨。本书主要关注HSDPA（High-Speed Downlink Packet Access）和HSUPA（High-Speed Uplink Packet Access）以及后续的4G技术LTE（Long-Term Evolution）的发展与应用。 HSPA（3.5G）是早期3G技术的重要分支，它通过提高数据传输速度，尤其是上行链路的数据速率，提升了移动设备在数据通信上的性能。HSDPA在2006年左右开始普及，显著改进了早期3G网络的用户体验，使得用户能够享受更快的网页浏览、邮件发送和多媒体下载服务。 HSUPA则进一步增强了上行链路的带宽，支持更高效的语音和视频通话，以及更多的实时多媒体应用。它在HSDPA的基础上，实现了更高效的上行数据传输，提升了移动用户的上传能力，对于视频通话、远程工作和社交应用等场景具有重要意义。随着技术的演进，HSPA逐步让位给更先进的4G标准——LTE。LTE是长期演进技术的缩写，它采用OFDM（Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing）多载波调制方式，提供了显著更高的数据传输速率，尤其是在下行链路上，能够实现接近固定宽带的速度。LTE引入了扁平化的网络架构，减少了时延，提高了网络效率，支持大规模的连接数，并且能无缝切换至后续的5G网络，从而开启了移动互联网的新篇章。该书的第二版于2008年发布，对3G演进到4G的过程进行了详尽的分析，不仅涵盖了技术原理、标准发展，还深入解析了网络部署策略、优化实践以及与不同应用场景的结合。对于从事无线通信、网络工程、移动设备制造商或任何关注移动宽带技术的人来说，这本书是理解3G到4G技术过渡的关键参考资料。《3G Evolution: HSPA and LTE for Mobile Broadband, 2nd Edition》是一本权威且实用的指南，有助于读者掌握3G技术的演变历程，理解如何从HSPA迈向高效、高速的LTE系统，以及未来移动宽带技术的潜在发展方向。

List of Figures

1.1 The standardization phases and iterative process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

1.2 3GPP organization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

1.3 Releases of 3GPP specifications for UTRA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

1.4 The definition of IMT-2000 in ITU-R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

2.1 The terminal development has been rapid the past 20 years. . . . . . . . . . 16

2.2 The bit rate – delay service space that is important to cover

when designing a new cellular system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

2.3 One HSPA and LTE deployment strategy: upgrade to HSPA

Evolution, then deploy LTE as islands in the WCDMA/HSPA sea. . . . 25

3.1 Minimum required E

at the receiver as a function of

bandwidth utilization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

3.2 Signal constellations for (a) QPSK, (b) 16QAM and (c) 64QAM. . . . . . 35

3.3 Distribution of instantaneous power for different modulation

schemes. Average power is same in all cases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

3.4 Multi-path propagation causing time dispersion and radio-channel

frequency selectivity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

3.5 Extension to wider transmission bandwidth by means of multi-

carrier transmission. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

3.6 Theoretical WCDMA spectrum. Raised-cosine shape with roll-off

α  0.22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

4.1 (a) Per-subcarrier pulse shape and (b) spectrum for basic OFDM

transmission. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

4.2 OFDM subcarrier spacing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

4.3 OFDM modulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

4.4 OFDM time–frequency grid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

4.5 Basic principle of OFDM demodulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

4.6 OFDM modulation by means of IFFT processing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

4.7 OFDM demodulation by means of FFT processing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

4.8 Time dispersion and corresponding received-signal timing. . . . . . . . . . . 50

4.9 Cyclic-prefix insertion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

4.10 Frequency-domain model of OFDM transmission/reception. . . . . . . . . . 52

4.11 Frequency-domain model of OFDM transmission/reception with

‘ one-tap equalization ’ at the receiver. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

4.12 Time-frequency grid with known reference symbols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

xvi

4.13 (a) Transmission of single wideband carrier and (b) OFDM

transmission over a frequency-selective channel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

4.14 Channel coding in combination with frequency-domain interleaving

to provide frequency diversity in case of OFDM transmission. . . . . . . . 55

4.15 Subcarrier interference as a function of the normalized Doppler

spread f

Doppler

/ Δf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

4.16 Spectrum of a basic 5 MHz OFDM signal compared with WCDMA

spectrum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

4.17 OFDM as a user-multiplexing/multiple-access scheme: (a) downlink

and (b) uplink. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

4.18 Distributed user multiplexing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

4.19 Uplink transmission-timing control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

4.20 Broadcast scenario. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

4.21 Broadcast vs. Unicast transmission. (a) Broadcast and (b) Unicast. . . . . 62

4.22 Equivalence between simulcast transmission and multi-path

propagation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

5.1 General time-domain linear equalization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

5.2 Linear equalization implemented as a time-discrete FIR filter.. . . . . . . . 67

5.3 Frequency-domain linear equalization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

5.4 Overlap-and-discard processing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

5.5 Cyclic-prefix insertion in case of single-carrier transmission. . . . . . . . . 70

5.6 Orthogonal multiple access: (a) TDMA and (b) FDMA. . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

5.7 FDMA with flexible bandwidth assignment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

5.8 DFTS-OFDM signal generation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

5.9 PAR distribution for OFDM and DFTS-OFDM, respectively.

Solid curve: QPSK. Dashed curve: 16QAM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

5.10 Basic principle of DFTS-OFDM demodulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

5.11 DFTS-OFDM demodulator with frequency-domain equalization. . . . . . 77

5.12 Uplink user multiplexing in case of DFTS-OFDM. (a) Equal-

bandwidth assignment and (b) unequal-bandwidth assignment. . . . . . . . 78

5.13 Localized DFTS-OFDM vs. Distributed DFTS-OFDM. . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

5.14 Spectrum of localized and distributed DFTS-OFDM signals. . . . . . . . . 79

5.15 User multiplexing in case of localized and distributed DFTS-OFDM. . . 79

6.1 Linear receive-antenna combining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

6.2 Linear receive-antenna combining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

6.3 Downlink scenario with a single dominating interferer (special

case of only two receive antennas). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

6.4 Receiver scenario with one strong interfering mobile terminal:

(a) Intra-cell interference and (b) Inter-cell interference. . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

6.5 Two-dimensional space/time linear processing (two receive antennas). . 87

List of Figures

xvii

6.6 Two-dimensional space/frequency linear processing (two receive

antennas). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

6.7 Two-antenna delay diversity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

6.8 Two-antenna Cyclic-Delay Diversity (CDD). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

6.9 WCDMA Space–Time Transmit Diversity (STTD). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

6.10 Space–Frequency Transmit Diversity assuming two transmit

antennas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

6.11 Classical beam-forming with high mutual antennas correlation:

(a) antenna configuration and (b) beam-structure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

6.12 Pre-coder-based beam-forming in case of low mutual antenna

correlation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

6.13 Per-subcarrier pre-coding in case of OFDM (two transmit

antennas). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

6.14 2  2-antenna configuration.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

6.15 Linear reception/demodulation of spatially multiplexed signals. . . . . . . 99

6.16 Pre-coder-based spatial multiplexing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

6.17 Orthogonalization of spatially multiplexed signals by means of

pre-coding. λ

i,i

is the i th eigenvalue of the matrix H

H . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

6.18 Single-codeword transmission (a) vs. multi-codeword

transmission (b). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

6.19 Demodulation/decoding of spatially multiplexed signals based on

Successive Interference Cancellation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

7.1 (a) Power control and (b) rate control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

7.2 Channel-dependent scheduling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

7.3 Example of three different scheduling behaviors for two users with

different average channel quality: (a) max C/I, (b) round robin, and

7.4 Illustration of the principle behavior of different scheduling strategies:

(a) for full buffers and (b) for web browsing traffic model. . . . . . . . . . 119

7.5 Example of Chase combining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

7.6 Example of incremental redundancy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

8.1 WCDMA evolution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

8.2 WCDMA radio-access network architecture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

8.3 WCDMA protocol architecture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

8.4 Simplified view of physical layer processing in WCDMA. . . . . . . . . . 133

8.5 Channelization codes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

9.1 Time- and code-domain structure for HS-DSCH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140

9.2 Channel-dependent scheduling for HSDPA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

9.3 Illustration of the HSDPA architecture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

List of Figures

xviii

9.4 Dynamic power usage with HS-DSCH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

9.5 Channel structure with HSDPA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

9.6 MAC-hs and physical-layer processing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148

9.7 Priority handling in the scheduler. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

9.8 Transport-block sizes vs. the number of channelization codes for

QPSK and 16QAM modulation. The transport-block sizes used for

CQI reporting are also illustrated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152

9.9 Generation of redundancy versions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155

9.10 Multiple hybrid-ARQ process (six in this example). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

9.11 Protocol configuration when HS-DSCH is assigned. The numbers

in the rightmost part of the figure corresponds to the numbers to

the right in Figure 9.12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157

9.12 Data flow at UTRAN side. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

9.13 Measurements and resource limitations for HSDPA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

9.14 Change of serving cell for HSPA. It is assumed that both the

source and target NodeB are part of the active set. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

9.15 The principle of two-stage rate matching. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164

9.16 An example of the generation of different redundancy versions in

the case of IR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166

9.17 The channel interleaver for the HS-DSCH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

9.18 The priority queues in the NodeB MAC-hs (left) and the

reordering queues in the UE MAC-hs (right). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

9.19 Illustration of the principles behind reordering queues. . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

9.20 The structure of the MAC-hs header. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

9.21 Timing relation for the CQI reports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176

9.22 HS-SCCH channel coding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

9.23 Fractional DPCH (F-DPCH), introduced in Release 6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

9.24 Basic structure of uplink signaling with IQ/code-multiplexed

HS-DPCCH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

9.25 Detection threshold for the ACK/NAK field of HS-DPCCH. . . . . . . . . 183

9.26 Enhanced ACK/NAK using PRE and POST. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

10.1 Enhanced Uplink scheduling framework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

10.2 The architecture with E-DCH (and HS-DSCH) configured. . . . . . . . . . 190

10.3 Separate processing of E-DCH and DCH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

10.4 Overall channel structure with HSDPA and Enhanced Uplink.

The new channels introduced as part of Enhanced Uplink are

shown with dashed lines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192

10.5 MAC-e and physical-layer processing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194

10.6 Overview of the scheduling operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198

10.7 The relation between absolute grant, relative grant and serving

grant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200

10.8 Illustration of relative grant usage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200

List of Figures

xix

10.9 Illustration of the E-TFC selection process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

10.10 Synchronous vs. asynchronous hybrid ARQ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205

10.11 Multiple hybrid ARQ processes for Enhanced Uplink. . . . . . . . . . . . . 206

10.12 Retransmissions in soft handover. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207

10.13 Code allocation in case of simultaneous E-DCH and HS-DSCH

operation (note that the code allocation is slightly different when

no HS-DPCCH is configured). Channels with SF  4 are shown

on the corresponding SF4 branch for illustrative purposes. . . . . . . . . 209

10.14 Data flow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

10.15 Illustration of the resource sharing between E-DCH and DCH

channels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212

10.16 The relation between absolute grant, relative grant and serving

grant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215

10.17 Illustration of UE monitoring of the two identities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215

10.18 Example of common and dedicated scheduling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216

10.19 Grant table. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217

10.20 Example of activation of individual hybrid ARQ processes. . . . . . . . 218

10.21 E-TFC selection and hybrid ARQ profiles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222

10.22 E-DCH rate matching and the r and s parameters. The bit

collection procedure is identical to the QPSK bit collection

for HS-DSCH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224

10.23 Amount of puncturing as a function of the transport block

size. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

10.24 Mapping from RSN via RV to s and r. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226

10.25 Reordering mechanism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228

10.26 Structure and format of the MAC-e/es PDU. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230

10.27 E-DCH-related out-band control signaling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

10.28 E-HICH and E-RGCH structures (from the serving cell). . . . . . . . . . . 232

10.29 Illustration of signature sequence hopping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

10.30 E-AGCH coding structure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234

10.31 Timing relation for downlink control channels, 10 ms TTI. . . . . . . . . 236

10.32 Timing relation for downlink control channels, 2 ms TTI. . . . . . . . . . 237

10.33 E-DPCCH coding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238

11.1 Example of MBMS services. Different services are provided in

different areas using broadcast in cells 1–4. In cell 5, unicast is

used as there is only single user subscribing to the MBMS

service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240

11.2 Example of typical phases during an MBMS session. The

dashed phases are only used in case of multicast and not for

broadcast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

11.3 The gain with soft combining and multi-cell reception in

terms of coverage vs. power for 64 kbit/s MBMS service

List of Figures

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3G演进：HSPA与LTE移动宽带详解（第二版）

3G.Evolution.HSPA.and.LTE.for.Mobile.Broadband - Academic Press 2nd.Edition.Oct.2008

3G Evolution HSPA and LTE for Mobile Broadband 2nd Edition

3g_evolution_hspa_and_lte_for_mobile_broadband_2nd_edition

Mobile broadband

NOT (T.BUSINESS_ID = ANY(500000020064, 500000020340) AND T.OFFER_TYPE IN ('OFFER_PLAN_BROADBAND', 'OFFER_PLAN_WBTV') AND T.EXPIRE_DATE < TO_DATE('20990101', 'YYYYMMDD')

4G技术中，LTE和LTE-Advanced的主要区别是什么，它们是如何提升移动宽带速度和质量的？

将自然光转换成线偏振光的金属超表面，给出相关文献

Discuss the Ethernet and its two types in detail with a diagram. Classic Ethernet Physical Layer, Classic Ethernet MAC Sublayer Protocol, CSMA/CD with Binary Exponential Backoff, Switched Ethernet

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