Physics Letters B 760 (2016) 106–111
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Physics Letters B
www.elsevier.com/locate/physletb
PeV-scale dark matter as a thermal relic of a decoupled sector
Asher Berlin
a
, Dan Hooper
b,c
, Gordan Krnjaic
b,∗
a
Department of Physics, Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
b
Center for Particle Astrophysics, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, United States
c
Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history:
Received
23 May 2016
Accepted
17 June 2016
Available
online 21 June 2016
Editor:
M. Trodden
In this letter, we consider a class of scenarios in which the dark matter is part of a heavy hidden sector
that is thermally decoupled from the Standard Model in the early universe. The dark matter freezes-out
by annihilating to a lighter, metastable state, whose subsequent abundance can naturally come to domi-
nate
the energy density of the universe. When this state decays, it reheats the visible sector and dilutes
all relic abundances, thereby allowing the dark matter to be orders of magnitude heavier than the weak
scale. For concreteness, we consider a simple realization with a Dirac fermion dark matter candidate
coupled to a massive gauge boson that decays to the Standard Model through its kinetic mixing with hy-
percharge.
We identify viable parameter space in which the dark matter can be as heavy as ∼1–100 PeV
without being overproduced in the early universe.
© 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Funded by SCOAP
3
.
The Weakly Interacting Massive Particle (WIMP) paradigm pro-
vides
a compelling cosmological origin for dark matter (DM) can-
didates
with weak-scale masses and interactions. In the early uni-
verse,
at temperatures above the WIMP’s mass, interactions with
the Standard Model (SM) produce a thermal population of WIMPs
and sustain chemical equilibrium between dark and visible matter.
When the temperature falls below the WIMP’s mass, these inter-
actions
freeze-out to yield an abundance similar to the observed
cosmological DM density. This narrative is known as the “WIMP
miracle.”
In
recent years, however, this framework has become increas-
ingly
constrained. The Large Hadron Collider has not yet discovered
any new physics, and limits from direct detection experiments
have improved at an exponential rate over the past decade. For
DM candidates that annihilate at a sufficient rate to avoid be-
ing
overproduced in the early universe, unacceptably large elastic
scattering cross sections with nuclei are often predicted. To evade
these constraints, one is forced to consider models that include
features such as coannihilations [1,2], resonant annihilations [1,3],
pseudoscalar couplings [4–7], or annihilations to final states con-
sisting
of leptons or electroweak bosons [8–16].
It
is equally plausible, however, that the DM is a singlet under
the SM and was produced independently of the visible sector dur-
ing
the period of reheating that followed inflation (for a review,
*
Corresponding author.
E-mail
address: gkrnjaic@perimeterinstitute.ca (G. Krnjaic).
see Ref. [17]). By freezing-out through annihilations to SM singlets,
the DM in such models can avoid being overproduced while easily
evading the constraints from direct detection experiments [18–25].
In this letter, we explore this class of scenarios, focusing on hidden
sectors that are thermally decoupled and, therefore, never reach
equilibrium with the visible sector. In this case, the DM freezes-
out
of chemical equilibrium within its own sector, unaffected by
SM dynamics.
So
long as the hidden sector consists entirely of SM singlets,
renormalizable interactions between the SM and the DM can pro-
ceed
only through the following gauge singlet operators: H
†
H,
B
μν
, and H
†
L, known as the Higgs portal [18,26–40], the vector
portal [18,41], and the lepton portal [18,42], respectively. If the
couplings that facilitate such interactions are sufficiently small, the
hidden and visible sectors will be decoupled from one another,
potentially altering the thermal history of the universe (see, e.g.,
Refs. [43–47]).
If,
by coincidence, a hidden sector DM candidate has a GeV–
TeV
scale mass and weak-scale couplings, it will behave in many
respects like a typical WIMP, although possibly with very feeble in-
teractions
with the SM. Alternatively, if the hidden sector is much
heavier than the SM, its lightest particles may be long-lived and
come to dominate the energy density of the universe. When these
states ultimately decay through portal interactions, they can de-
posit
significant entropy into the SM bath, thereby diluting the
naively excessive DM abundance. Thus, in this class of models, the
DM may be much heavier than the mass range typically favored by
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2016.06.037
0370-2693/
© 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Funded by
SCOAP
3
.