Oracle数据库管理基础：2DayDBA 11g Release 1详解

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"Oracle数据库管理员(DBA)助手" Oracle数据库管理员(DBA)是Oracle数据库系统的重要角色，负责数据库的安装、配置、性能优化、安全性管理、备份恢复等关键任务。Oracle 11g Release 1 (11.1)是Oracle公司推出的一个版本，提供了丰富的功能和增强的性能，为DBA提供了强大的工具和支持。 1. 数据库安装与配置：Oracle 11g Release 1引入了更加自动化和用户友好的安装过程，包括使用Oracle Universal Installer (OUI)进行快速部署，以及通过DBCA（Database Configuration Assistant）来创建和配置数据库实例。DBA可以通过这些工具简化和标准化数据库的部署工作。 2. 性能优化：这一版本包含了一些性能提升特性，如Automatic Workload Repository (AWR)用于收集和分析数据库性能数据，SQL Tuning Advisor提供SQL语句的优化建议。此外，Automatic Memory Management允许DBA更轻松地调整内存设置，而无需手动调整SGA和PGA组件。 3. 安全性管理：Oracle Database 11g提供了增强的安全特性，如Fine-Grained Access Control (FGAC)允许更精细的数据访问控制，Data Redaction可以减少敏感数据的暴露，Transparent Data Encryption (TDE)则确保了数据在存储时的加密安全。 4. 备份与恢复：RMAN（Recovery Manager）是Oracle DBA的主要备份工具，它支持增量备份、压缩备份以及网络备份。Flashback Technologies，如Flashback Query、Flashback Transaction和Flashback Database，使得恢复操作变得更加灵活和高效。 5. 高可用性：Oracle Real Application Clusters (RAC)是Oracle 11g中的一大亮点，允许多台服务器共享同一个数据库实例，提高了系统的可用性和容错性。Fast Start Failover则自动处理节点故障，确保服务连续性。 6. 管理工具：EM Express (Enterprise Manager Express)是面向小型环境的轻量级管理工具，而全面的Enterprise Manager Grid Control则提供了对整个数据中心的集中监控和管理能力。 7. 数据库维护：DBA可以利用DBMS Scheduler执行计划的任务，如备份、性能监控和数据清理。此外，DBMS Job和DBMS_AQ等包提供了队列管理和异步处理功能。 8. 数据库监控：监控工具如ADDM (Automatic Diagnostic Monitor)和ASH (Active Session History)提供了深入的性能洞察，帮助DBA识别并解决问题。 9. 分区技术：Oracle 11g进一步增强了分区功能，包括Range、List、Hash和Composite分区，以及表和索引的分区，有助于提高查询性能和管理大量数据的效率。 10. PL/SQL和数据库开发：Oracle的PL/SQL编程语言在11g中也得到了加强，增加了新的语言元素和优化，如游标变量的FOR UPDATE子句，增强了的异常处理机制，以及更强大的类型系统。以上就是Oracle 11g Release 1为DBA带来的主要知识点，这些特性旨在提高数据库的稳定性和性能，简化管理任务，并确保数据的安全性。Oracle DBA需要不断学习和掌握这些技能，以便在日益复杂的数据库环境中有效工作。

xvi

■ Oracle Enterprise Manager Advanced Configuration

■ Oracle Database Concepts

■ Oracle Enterprise Manager Concepts

■ Oracle Database Net Services Administrator's Guide

■ Oracle Database SQL Language Reference

■ Oracle Database Reference

■ Oracle Database Backup and Recovery User's Guide

■ Oracle Real Application Clusters Installation Guide for Linux and UNIX or other

operating system

■ Oracle Real Application Clusters Administration and Deployment Guide

■ Oracle Clusterware Administration and Deployment Guide

■ Oracle Database Storage Administrator's Guide

■ Oracle Database Installation Guide

Many of the examples in this guide use the sample schemas, which are installed by

default when you select the Basic Installation option with an Oracle Database

installation. See Oracle Database Sample Schemas for information about how these

schemas were created and how you can use them.

Printed documentation is available for sale in the Oracle Store at

http://oraclestore.oracle.com/

To download free release notes, installation documentation, updated Oracle

documentation, white papers, or other collateral, please visit the Oracle Technology

Network (OTN). You must register online before using OTN; registration is free and

can be done at

http://otn.oracle.com/membership/

If you already have a user name and password for OTN, then you can go directly to

the documentation section of the OTN Web site at

http://otn.oracle.com/documentation/

Conventions

The following text conventions are used in this document:

Convention Meaning

boldface Boldface type indicates graphical user interface elements associated

with an action, or terms defined in text or the glossary.

italic Italic type indicates book titles, emphasis, or placeholder variables for

which you supply particular values.

monospace Monospace type indicates commands within a paragraph, URLs, code

in examples, text that appears on the screen, or text that you enter.

Introduction 1-1

1 Introduction

As a database administrator (DBA), you are responsible for the overall operation of

Oracle Database. This introductory chapter is intended to help orient you to many

common DBA tasks, to the tools available to you, and to this 2 Day DBA guide. The

chapter contains the following sections:

■ About This Guide

■ About Oracle Database

■ Common Oracle DBA Tasks

■ Tools for Administering the Database

About This Guide

Oracle Database 2 Day DBA is a database administration quick start guide that teaches

you how to perform day-to-day database administrative tasks. The goal of this guide

is to help you understand the concepts behind Oracle Database, and to help you learn

how to perform all common administrative tasks needed to keep the database

operational. These tasks include configuring the database, managing memory and

storage, managing users, managing database objects such as tables, performing basic

troubleshooting and performance monitoring activities, and more.

The primary administrative interface used in this guide is Oracle Enterprise Manager

Database Control, featuring all the self-management capabilities introduced in Oracle

Database.

What This Guide Is Not

Oracle Database 2 Day DBA is task-oriented. The objective is to describe why and when

administrative tasks need to be performed. Where appropriate, it describes the

concepts necessary to understand and complete a task, assuming the reader has no

prior knowledge of the database. This guide is not an exhaustive discussion of all

Oracle Database concepts. For this type of information, see Oracle Database Concepts.

Additionally, for a complete discussion of administrative tasks, see Oracle Database

Administrator's Guide.

How to Use This Guide with Related Material

This guide is part of a comprehensive set of learning material for administering Oracle

Database, which includes a 2 Day DBA Oracle By Example (OBE) series, available on

the Web, and in an Oracle University instructor-led class.

About Oracle Database

1-2 Oracle Database 2 Day DBA

Every chapter in Oracle Database 2 Day DBA has an associated Oracle By Example

lesson. The OBE steps through all tasks in the chapter and includes annotated

screenshots. In some cases, the OBE provides additional information to help you

complete the task.

At the end of each chapter, you can find the link to its associated OBE lesson. The

home page for the 2 Day DBA Oracle By Example series is as follows:

http://www.oracle.com/webfolder/technetwork/tutorials/obe/db/11g

/r1/2day_dba/indexotn.html

In addition, Oracle University provides a related instructor-led course called Oracle

Database 11g: 2 day DBA. Contact Oracle University for more information.

About Oracle Database

Oracle Database is a relational database with object and Extensible Markup Language

(XML) capabilities. In a relational database, all data is stored in two-dimensional tables

that are composed of rows and columns. Oracle Database enables you to store data,

update it, and efficiently retrieve it, with a high degree of performance, reliability, and

scalability.

Oracle Database is composed of the following elements:

■ The Oracle software that you install on your host computer

■ The database, which is a collection of physical files on one or more disks

The database contains user data, metadata, and control structures. Metadata, or

data about the data, is the collection of information about a disk that permits

Oracle software to manage user data. An example of metadata is the data

dictionary. Control structures (such as the control file and redo log) ensure the

integrity, availability, and recoverability of user data.

■ The Oracle instance, which is composed of the following:

– The background processes, which are the operating system processes or

threads that perform the work of accessing, storing, monitoring, and

recovering user data, metadata, and control files associated with the database

– The shared memory areas used by the background processes

■ Server processes that perform work on behalf of connected users and applications,

and the memory and temporary storage used by these processes

Server processes parse and execute SQL statements, and retrieve and return

results to the user or application.

■ Oracle Net, which is a software layer that enables client applications and Oracle

Database to communicate over a network, and the Oracle Net listener, which is a

process that listens for connection requests from the network.

Common Oracle DBA Tasks

As an Oracle DBA, you can expect to be involved in the following tasks:

See Also:

■ Chapter 4, "Configuring the Network Environment"

■ Chapter 5, "Managing the Oracle Instance"

■ Chapter 6, "Managing Database Storage Structures"

Tools for Administering the Database

Introduction 1-3

■ Installing Oracle software

■ Creating Oracle databases

■ Performing upgrades of the database and software to new release levels

■ Starting up and shutting down the database

■ Managing the storage structures of the database

■ Managing users and security

■ Managing database objects, such as tables, indexes, and views

■ Backing up the database and performing recovery operations when necessary

■ Monitoring the state of the database and taking preventive or corrective action as

required

■ Monitoring and tuning database performance

■ Diagnosing and reporting critical errors to Oracle Support Services

In a small to medium-sized database environment, you might be the sole person

performing these tasks. In large, enterprise environments, the job is often divided

among several DBAs, each of whom has a specialty, such as database security or

database tuning.

Tools for Administering the Database

The goal of this guide is to enable you to quickly and efficiently create an Oracle

database, and to provide guidance in basic database administration.

The following are some of the products, tools, and utilities you can use to achieve your

goals as a database administrator:

■ Oracle Universal Installer

Oracle Universal Installer (OUI) is a utility that installs your Oracle software and

options. It can automatically start Oracle Database Configuration Assistant to

install a database.

■ Oracle Database Configuration Assistant

Oracle Database Configuration Assistant (DBCA) is a utility that creates a

database from templates that are supplied by Oracle, or you can create your own.

It enables you to copy a preconfigured seed database, thus saving the time and

effort of generating and customizing a new database.

■ Database Upgrade Assistant

The Database Upgrade Assistant is a tool that guides you through the upgrade of

your existing database to a new Oracle Database release.

■ Net Configuration Assistant

Net Configuration Assistant (NETCA) is a utility that enables you to configure

listeners and naming methods, which are critical components of the Oracle

Database network.

■ Oracle Enterprise Manager Database Control

The primary product for managing your database is Oracle Enterprise Manager

Database Control (Database Control), a Web-based interface. After you have

installed the Oracle Database software, created or upgraded a database, and

configured the network, you can use Database Control to manage your database.

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