Python编程：艰难之路第三版

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"《本方法学python 第三版》是一本专为编程初学者设计的Python入门书籍，尤其适合对计算机和编程有一定兴趣但无基础的读者。作者Zed Shaw通过一系列逐步递增的编程练习，带领读者从基础的编程概念开始，逐渐掌握编程技能，并最终能够完成完整的软件开发项目。此书特别强调实践教学，每一章都包含经过验证的习题，以确保在实际操作中有效。此外，还配有视频教程，帮助读者更好地理解和执行代码。作者以幽默和内部笑话的方式使学习过程更为轻松。" 在《本方法学python 第三版》中，你可以学到以下关键知识点： 1. **Python基础知识**：涵盖Python语言的基础语法，如变量、数据类型（包括字符串、整数、浮点数、列表、元组、字典等）、控制结构（条件语句、循环）以及函数的使用。 2. **编程思维**：通过解决实际问题的练习，培养解决问题和逻辑思考的能力，学习如何将复杂任务分解为可操作的小步骤。 3. **错误和异常处理**：了解如何识别和处理程序中的错误，理解异常的概念，学会编写健壮的代码。 4. **文件操作**：学习读取和写入文件，理解文件I/O的基本原理，以便进行数据存储和读取。 5. **模块和包的使用**：掌握导入和使用Python内置模块以及第三方库的方法，如Numpy、Pandas等，提升代码复用性。 6. **面向对象编程**：理解类和对象的概念，学习如何定义和实例化类，以及继承、封装和多态等面向对象特性。 7. **项目实践**：通过实际项目，比如创建一个小型数据库应用或网页爬虫，将所学知识应用于实践中，体验完整的软件开发流程。 8. **调试技巧**：学习如何使用调试工具来查找和修复代码中的错误，提高代码质量。 9. **版本控制**：了解版本控制系统如Git，学习如何使用它来管理代码版本和协作开发。 10. **编程规范**：理解并遵循PEP 8编码风格，写出易于阅读和维护的代码。通过这本书的学习，初学者不仅可以掌握Python编程语言，还能建立起良好的编程习惯，为今后深入学习和从事编程工作打下坚实的基础。同时，英文版的设计也有助于提升英语阅读能力，适应全球化的技术交流环境。

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xvCONTENTS

Exercise 12: View a File (less, MORE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271

Do This . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271

You Learned This . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272

Do More . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272

Exercise 13: Stream a File (cat) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272

Do This . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272

You Learned This . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273

Do More . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273

Exercise 14: Remove a File (rm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273

Do This . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273

You Learned This . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275

Do More . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275

Exercise 15: Exit Your Terminal (exit) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275

Do This . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275

You Learned This . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276

Do More . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276

Command Line Next Steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276

Unix Bash References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276

PowerShell References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279

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Preface

his simple book is meant to get you started in programming. The title says it’s the hard way to

learn to write code, but it’s actually not. It’s only the “hard” way because it uses a technique

called instruction. Instruction is where I tell you to do a sequence of controlled exercises designed

to build a skill through repetition. This technique works very well with beginners who know noth-

ing and need to acquire basic skills before they can understand more complex topics. It’s used in

everything from martial arts to music to even basic math and reading skills.

This book instructs you in Python by slowly building and establishing skills through techniques like

practice and memorization, then applying them to increasingly difﬁ cult problems. By the end of

the book, you will have the tools needed to begin learning more complex programming topics. I

like to tell people that my book gives you your “programming black belt.” What this means is that

you know the basics well enough to now start learning programming.

If you work hard, take your time, and build these skills, you will learn to code.

Acknowledgments

I would like to thank Angela for helping me with the ﬁ rst two versions of this book. Without her,

I probably wouldn’t have bothered to ﬁ nish it at all. She did the copy editing of the ﬁ rst draft and

supported me immensely while I wrote it.

I’d also like to thank Greg Newman for doing the cover art for the ﬁ rst two editions, Brian Shu-

mate for early website designs, and all the people who read previous editions of this book and

took the time to send me feedback and corrections.

Thank you.

The Hard Way Is Easier

With the help of this book, you will do the incredibly simple things that all programmers do to

learn a programming language:

1. Go through each exercise.

2. Type in each sample exactly.

3. Make it run.

That’s it. This will be very difﬁ cult at ﬁ rst, but stick with it. If you go through this book and do each

exercise for one or two hours a night, you will have a good foundation for moving on to another

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ptg11539604

LEARN PYTHON THE HARD WAY

book. You might not really learn “programming” from this book, but you will learn the founda-

tion skills you need to start learning the language.

This book’s job is to teach you the three most essential skills that a beginning programmer needs

to know: reading and writing, attention to detail, and spotting differences.

Reading and Writing

It seems stupidly obvious, but if you have a problem typing, you will have a problem learning to

code. Especially if you have a problem typing the fairly odd characters in source code. Without

this simple skill, you will be unable to learn even the most basic things about how software works.

Typing the code samples and getting them to run will help you learn the names of the symbols,

get you familiar with typing them, and get you reading the language.

Attention to Detail

The one skill that separates bad programmers from good programmers is attention to detail. In

fact, it’s what separates the good from the bad in any profession. Without paying attention to the

tiniest details of your work, you will miss key elements of what you create. In programming, this

is how you end up with bugs and difﬁ cult- to- use systems.

By going through this book and copying each example exactly, you will be training your brain to

focus on the details of what you are doing, as you are doing it.

Spotting Differences

A very important skill—which most programmers develop over time— is the ability to visually

notice differences between things. An experienced programmer can take two pieces of code

that are slightly different and immediately start pointing out the differences. Programmers have

invented tools to make this even easier, but we won’t be using any of these. You ﬁ rst have to train

your brain the hard way—then you can use the tools.

While you do these exercises, typing each one in, you will make mistakes. It’s inevitable; even seasoned

programmers make a few. Your job is to compare what you have written to what’s required and ﬁ x

all the differences. By doing so, you will train yourself to notice mistakes, bugs, and other problems.

Do Not Copy- Paste

You must type each of these exercises in, manually. If you copy and paste, you might as well just

not even do them. The point of these exercises is to train your hands, your brain, and your mind

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ptg11539604

3PREFACE

in how to read, write, and see code. If you copy- paste, you are cheating yourself out of the effec-

tiveness of the lessons.

A Note on Practice and Persistence

While you are studying programming, I’m studying how to play guitar. I practice it every day for

at least two hours a day. I play scales, chords, and arpeggios for an hour at least and then learn

music theory, ear training, songs, and anything else I can. Some days I study guitar and music for

eight hours because I feel like it and it’s fun. To me, repetitive practice is natural and is just how

to learn something. I know that to get good at anything you have to practice every day, even if

I suck that day (which is often) or it’s difﬁ cult. Keep trying and eventually it’ll be easier and fun.

As you study this book and continue with programming, remember that anything worth doing

is difﬁ cult at ﬁ rst. Maybe you are the kind of person who is afraid of failure, so you give up at

the ﬁ rst sign of difﬁ culty. Maybe you never learned self- discipline, so you can’t do anything that’s

“boring.” Maybe you were told that you are “gifted,” so you never attempt anything that might

make you seem stupid or not a prodigy. Maybe you are competitive and unfairly compare yourself

to someone like me who’s been programming for 20+ years.

Whatever your reason for wanting to quit, keep at it. Force yourself. If you run into a Study Drill

you can’t do or a lesson you just do not understand, then skip it and come back to it later. Just

keep going because with programming there’s this very odd thing that happens. At ﬁ rst, you will

not understand anything. It’ll be weird, just like with learning any human language. You will

struggle with words and not know what symbols are what, and it’ll all be very confusing. Then

one day—BANG—your brain will snap and you will suddenly “get it.” If you keep doing the exer-

cises and keep trying to understand them, you will get it. You might not be a master coder, but

you will at least understand how programming works.

If you give up, you won’t ever reach this point. You will hit the ﬁ rst confusing thing (which is

everything at ﬁ rst) and then stop. If you keep trying, keep typing it in, trying to understand it and

reading about it, you will eventually get it.

But if you go through this whole book and you still do not understand how to code, at least you

gave it a shot. You can say you tried your best and a little more and it didn’t work out, but at least

you tried. You can be proud of that.

A Warning for the Smarties

Sometimes people who already know a programming language will read this book and feel I’m

insulting them. There is nothing in this book that is intended to be interpreted as condescending,

insulting, or belittling. I simply know more about programming than my intended readers. If you

think you are smarter than me, then you will feel talked down to and there’s nothing I can do

about that because you are not my intended reader.

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