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首页里约热内卢萨瓦纳河水质监测:新兴问题与恢复趋势
墨西哥里约热内卢萨瓦纳河流域,位于阿卡普尔科东部,是特雷斯帕洛斯沿海泻湖的主要支流,其水质保护日益受到关注。自2002年起,随着城市化进程的加速,该地区面临着水质变化的挑战。研究团队对流域内的14个物理化学参数(包括温度、pH值、电导率、溶解氧、铵、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、硫酸盐、磷酸盐)、生化参数(如生物需氧量和化学需氧量,以及亚甲基蓝活性物)以及细菌学参数(如总大肠菌群)进行了详尽监测,共采集了7个不同位置(S1-S7)的样本,分布在3至6公里的范围内,分别在干旱和雨季进行。 结果被划分为四个区域:Z1为参考区,Z2为过渡区,Z3为污染区,Z4为恢复区。调查发现,邻近高级住宅区的Alborada(S5)和Tunzingo(S6)站点在两个季节中的污染程度最高,而Tres Palos泻湖附近的La Poza(S7)显示出一定程度的水质改善。研究发现,所有参数的趋势与采样点距离的增加呈线性(如pH和溶解氧)或曲线模式(对于其他参数)。通过多元回归分析,使用采样位置和季节因素作为预测变量,可以解释66%至95%的温度(°C)、pH、溶解氧和磷酸盐浓度的变化。 这项研究强调了城市化对水质的影响,尤其是在干旱和雨季的不同表现,以及如何通过科学的监测和分析来识别污染热点并制定恢复策略。它为理解和管理类似地区面临的水环境保护提供了重要的数据支持,有助于提升公众对水资源可持续利用的认识,并为政策制定者提供决策依据,以确保里约热内卢萨瓦纳河流域的长期水质健康。
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D. Pineda-Mora et al.
Table 1. Location of study sites for water-quality characterization.
Reach
Sampling location
Location name
Latitude
Longitude
Elevation
m
Upper
S1
km 39 17°2'47.28" N 99°46'57.24" W 400
S2
km 34 17°1'27.84" N 99° 47'38. 41" W 300
S3
Puente Texca 16°58'55.62" N 99°49'6.51" W 100
Middle
S4
Colonia La Venta 16°55'25.26" N 99°48'27.28" W 40
S5
Puente Alborada 16°52'48.13" N 99°49'6.00"W 20
S6
Puente Tunzingo 16°51'1.09" N 99°47'37.38" W 20
Lower
S7
Colonia La Poza 16°47'33.09"N 99°46'56.16"W 3
hydrology and population density [16]. Pre-sampling involved 12 sites located in
areas with similar characteristics (land inclination, substrate type, water flow
rate, and shading degree) to analyze 7 physicochemical parameters (tempera-
ture, pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved suspended solids, residual chlorine,
iron and magnesium). The resulting spatial and physicochemical analyses
enabled the selection of 3 sites on the upper scarcely populated section (refer-
ence zone), and 4 sites in the densely populated mid to low river sections
(
Figure 3). Within the impacted zone, there are numerous pollution sources due
to solid waste dumpsites and industrial and household wastewater discharge [12]
[13]
.
Parameter monitoring and analytical methods.
Fourteen physicochemical, biochemical and bacteriological water quality pa-
rameters (
Table 2) were measured in water samples in each of the study sites,
following established protocols [17]. Temperature, pH and electrical conductivi-
ty were measured
in situ
. The other parameters were analyzed at a laboratory
accredited by the Mexican Organization of Accreditation. Temperature, pH,
electrical conductivity, ammonium, nitrates, nitrites, methylene blue active sub-
stances, sulfates and phosphates parameters were all measured in triplicate.
Dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand
,
chemical oxygen demand, and
total and fecal coliforms were determined once using certified testing proce-
dures. The results were organized in a data matrix (sites x parameters), where
the rows refer to the sampling locations and the columns refer to the analyzed
parameters (
Table 2). These results were subsequently plotted by sampling loca-
tion and sampling season. The order between the sample concentrations, loca-
tions, and season was examined by way of cluster analysis (CA). A correlation
matrix was established to determine how the parameters relate to each other, to
sampling location, and to season by way of principle component analysis. This
was followed by nonlinear and linear least-squares multiple regression analyses
to determine how each parameter varied quantitatively by sampling location and
season. The non-linear analysis was based on the following equation:
( )
( )
2
exp /
NL NL NL NL
y a b xc d
= + −−
(1)
DOI: 10.4236/jwarp.2018.107035 624 Journal of Water Resource and Protection
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