Gradle进阶指南：Tim Berglund著2013版

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"Gradle Beyond the Basics 是一本由 Tim Berglund 在2013年撰写的关于 Gradle 深入使用的书籍。这本书由 O'Reilly Media 出版，旨在帮助读者掌握 Gradle 的高级特性，超越基础使用。" 在本书中，作者 Tim Berglund 分享了 Gradle 的核心概念和高级技巧，使读者能够更有效地构建、管理和部署软件项目。Gradle 是一个强大的开源构建自动化工具，尤其在 Java 和 Android 开发领域应用广泛。它以其灵活的构建脚本和强大的插件系统而闻名。主要内容可能包括以下几点： 1. **Gradle 构建脚本基础**：讲解 Gradle 使用Groovy或Kotlin DSL编写构建脚本的基础知识，如何定义任务（Tasks）以及它们之间的依赖关系。 2. **Gradle 插件系统**：深入探讨 Gradle 插件的开发和使用，如何自定义插件以满足特定项目需求，以及如何利用社区已有的插件来简化构建过程。 3. **依赖管理**：详细阐述 Gradle 如何处理项目的依赖关系，包括如何定义、解决和传递依赖，以及使用 Maven 和 Ivy 仓库。 4. **多项目构建**：介绍如何管理复杂的多模块项目，包括如何组织构建脚本和配置多个子项目间的依赖。 5. **任务和工作流程定制**：讨论如何根据项目需求定制 Gradle 任务，例如编译、测试、打包和部署等。 6. **缓存和性能优化**：解释 Gradle 的缓存机制，如何最大限度地减少构建时间，提高构建效率。 7. **持续集成与发布**：指导如何将 Gradle 集成到 Jenkins、Travis CI 等持续集成系统，以及如何发布软件到各种平台。 8. **Gradle 工作流最佳实践**：提供在大型团队中使用 Gradle 的最佳实践，包括版本控制策略、团队协作和构建一致性。 9. **Groovy 与 Kotlin DSL 对比**：对比使用 Groovy 和 Kotlin 编写 Gradle 脚本的优缺点，帮助读者选择适合自己的方式。 10. **错误排查和调试**：介绍在遇到问题时如何调试 Gradle 构建，以及如何查看和理解日志输出。通过阅读《Gradle Beyond the Basics》，读者不仅能够掌握 Gradle 的高级特性和用法，还能了解到如何在实际项目中有效应用这些知识，从而提升软件开发的效率和质量。这本书适合已经有一定 Gradle 基础，希望进一步提升技能的开发者，特别是 Java 和 Android 开发人员。

from('config') {

exclude 'Development*.groovy'

}

into 'build/resources'

}

Transforming Directory Structure

The outcome of Example 1-4 is to put all source files into one flat directory, build/

resources. Of course you may not want to flatten all of the source directories; you might

instead want to preserve some of the structure of the source directory trees or even map

the source directories onto a new tree. To do this, we can simply add additional calls to

into inside the from configuration closures. This is shown in Example 1-5.

Example 1-5. A copy task mapping source directory structure onto a new destination

structure

task complexCopy(type: Copy) {

from('src/main/templates') {

include '**/*.gtpl'

into 'templates'

}

from('i18n')

from('config') {

exclude 'Development*.groovy'

into 'config'

}

into 'build/resources'

}

Note that a top-level call to into is still required—the build file will not run without it

—and the nested calls to into are all relative to the path of that top-level configuration.

If the number of files or the size of the files being copied is large, then a copy task could

be an expensive build operation at execution time. Gradle’s incremental build feature

helps reduce the force of this problem. Gradle will automatically incur the full execution

time burden on the first run of the build, but will keep subsequent build times down

when redundant copying is not necessary.

Renaming Files During Copy

If your build has to copy files around, there’s a good chance it will have to rename files

in the process. Filenames might need to be tagged to indicate a deployment environ‐

ment, or might need to be renamed to some standard form from an environment-

specific origin, or might be renamed according to a product configuration specified by

the build. Whatever the reason, Gradle gives you two flexible ways to get the job done:

regular expressions and Groovy closures.

Copy Task | 3

working directory into the build directory, it would be convenient to replace the

deploymen

t-variable strings as a part of the copy. The expand() method is how Gradle

does this.

The expand() method takes advantage of the Groovy SimpleTemplateEngine class.

SimpleTemplateEngine adds a keyword substitution syntax to text files similar to the

syntax of Groovy string interpolation. Any string inside curly braces preceded by a dollar

sign (${string}) is a candidate for substitution. When declaring keyword expansion

in a copy task, you must pass a map to the expand() method (Example 1-8). The keys

in the map will be matched to the expressions inside curly braces in the copied file,

which will be replaced with the map’s corresponding values.

Example 1-8. Copying a file with keyword expansion

versionId = '1.6'

task copyProductionConfig(type: Copy) {

from 'source'

include 'config.properties'

into 'build/war/WEB-INF/config'

expand([

databaseHostname: 'db.company.com',

version: versionId,

buildNumber: (int)(Math.random() * 1000),

date: new Date()

])

}

SimpleTemplateEngine has some other features that are exposed to

you when you use the expand() method inside a copy task. Consult

the online documentation for more details.

Note that the expression passed to the expand()

method is a Groovy map literal—it is

enclosed by square brackets, and a series of key/value pairs are delimited by commas,

with the key and the value themselves separated by colons. In this example, the task

doing the expanding is dedicated to preparing a configuration file for the production

configuration, so the map can be expressed as a literal. A real-world build may opt for

this approach, or may reach out to other, environment-specific config file fragments for

the map data. Ultimately, the map passed to expand() can come from anywhere. The

fact that the Gradle build file is executable Groovy code gives you nearly unlimited

flexibility in deciding on its origin.

It’s helpful in this case to take a look at the source file, so we can directly see where the

string substitution is happening.

Filtering and Transforming Files | 5

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Gradle进阶指南：Tim Berglund著2013版

Gradle_Beyond_the_Basics

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