DIVA-GIS 7.5官方说明书：地理信息系统软件使用指南

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DIVA-GIS是一款专业的地理信息系统软件，其7.5版本的手册详细介绍了该软件的功能和使用方法。此软件由罗伯特·Hijmans、Luigi Guarino 和 Prem Mathur 在2012年1月发布，遵循的是自由使用和分发的原则，但需明确指出，软件本身是“按原样提供”，没有任何形式的保证，包括但不限于商品质量、特定用途适用性以及不侵犯知识产权的保证。用户在使用时应自行承担可能产生的责任。版权方面，部分代码由LizardTech, Inc.和加州大学所有，根据1995年至1998年的专利号5,710,835享有权利，所有权益受到保留。软件的发展与改进离不开众多贡献者的努力，如Robert J. Hijmans、Edwin Rojas、Rachel O’Brian、Mariana Cruz等，他们编写了早期版本的部分代码。此外，Luigi Guarino、Prem Mathur、Xavier Scheldeman以及其他人士，特别是Østein Ber等人的bug报告和建议也对软件的优化起到了关键作用。 DIVA-GIS软件的核心功能可能包括空间数据分析、制图、地理建模以及环境模拟等，它可能适用于地理学家、环境科学家、规划师等专业领域进行科研和决策支持。使用该软件时，用户需要熟悉软件界面、了解其数据输入和处理流程，以及如何解读和应用生成的结果。手册提供了详细的步骤指南和示例，帮助用户有效地利用这款工具进行地理信息处理工作。在使用过程中，如果遇到问题或需要技术支持，用户应参考官方文档中的故障排除和常见问题解答部分，或者访问相关的在线社区和论坛，与其他用户交流经验。同时，由于软件可能持续更新和改进，用户应保持对最新版本的了解，以确保能够充分利用其新功能和性能提升。 DIVA-GIS 7.5版软件是一个强大而灵活的工具，它不仅体现了开源精神，还依赖于全球用户的共同贡献。通过遵循官方指南，用户可以充分利用这个平台，进行高效的数据分析和可视化工作。

DIVA-GIS 7

example, a layer that, although perhaps invisible, is mainly located to the east of the

area of interest).

When you have the map the way you want it, add a legend. First, click on the “Add

legend” button. A panel will appear on the left hand side of the window. It includes a

number of options, and lists all the visible layers. Decide what layers to include in the

legend, by unchecking the ones you do not want.

You can add the legend to the map by clicking on the image at the point where you

want the legend to appear. One approach is to keep clicking until you find the spot

you like; then press “Clear All”, followed by “Add Map”, then “Add legend” and finally

“OK”. The legend will be put where you last had it, because the coordinates were

saved in the text boxes. You can also change these values in the text boxes before you

press “OK”. Another approach is to add a legend and use the “Undo” button if you do

not like the place it gets, and try again.

The width of the TOC in the Data view determines its width in the Design view. Thus,

if it is too wide or narrow, go back to the Data view, change it, and try again Design

view.

Adding a scale, North arrow, and text to the image follows the same principles as

outlined above for the legend.

You can set the color and font for any text that you add to the image. To set the font

for the TOC, however, you must go to the Tools/Options/Layer menu in the Data view,

change the default font, Close the project and then Open it again (in the Project

menu).

To export your map from DIVA-GIS, you can print it, copy it to the clipboard (and

paste it into another application), or save it to a graphics file, in bitmap (BMP) or TIF

format.

1.4 File Types and Formats

DIVA uses files of various types and formats. The most important are

DIVA-GIS 7

1. the shapefile, gridfile and image file formats for spatial databases and

2. the dBaseIV (DBF) format for reading and writing external (non-spatial)

databases.

1.4.1 Shapefiles

Shapefiles are so-called vector databases, describing the location of points (e.g.,

collecting locations), polylines (e.g., roads) and areas (or polygons, e.g., soil types,

countries). A shapefile actually consists of three separate files with the same name

but with different extensions (SHP, SHX and DBF), but they are treated as one file.

There are some shapefiles with additional files (extensions SBN and SBX), but these

are not essential and are not used in DIVA-GIS. The shapefile format was developed by

ESRI, a leading GIS software company. They were initially developed for use in

ArcView, but now nearly all GIS programs can either use them directly, or import

them.

1.4.2 Gridfiles

Grids are central to the analytical capabilities of DIVA-GIS. A grid divides (a part of)

the world into equal-sized cells. The advantage of using grids as opposed to areas such

as countries or other administrative units is that grid cells of the same size and shape

allow more objective comparisons.

For grid databases, in which an area is divided into equally sized rectangles, DIVA-GIS

gridfiles are used. A gridfile consists of two separate files *.GRI and *.GRD, but DIVA-

GIS treats them as if they were one file. The *.GRI file has the actual data, and the

*.GRD file has metadata and a number of parameters that are needed to read the

*.GRI file properly.

From these two files, DIVA-GIS creates two more files, *.BMP and *.BPW. These files

are derived from the *.GRI and *.GRD files and are used to visualize the data on the

map, but are otherwise not essential. If the BMP and BPW are absent, DIVA-GIS creates

these files automatically when opening a gridfile.

The BMP and BPW files can also be used to visualize gridfiles in ArcView and in

ArcExplorer (as images). Unlike in DIVA-GIS, however, the underlying grid data will not

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