C++第3版：数据结构与算法分析

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《C++第3版数据结构与算法》(Data Structure and Algorithm in C++ 3rd Edition, by Clifford A. Shaffer)是一本专为计算机科学领域设计的教材，特别针对C++版本进行了详细的讲解。该书由弗吉尼亚理工学院的Clifford A. Shaffer撰写，于2009年至2012年版权保护期内出版，旨在提供教育及其他非商业用途的免费PDF格式资源。作者鼓励读者在电子形式下无偿复制和分发文档，但需保留版权信息及作者联系信息。书中第一章"数据结构与算法分析"作为开篇，强调了数据结构选择背后的哲学思想。作者提出，数据结构是编程的核心要素，它们的设计和选择直接影响到程序的性能和效率。1.1节探讨了以下几个关键概念： 1.1.1 数据结构的设计原则 - 包括空间效率（如减少内存占用）、时间效率（处理数据的速度）以及实现的简洁性和可读性。作者鼓励读者理解数据结构的内在特性，并根据具体问题的需求来选择最适合的数据结构。 1.1.2 算法分析 - 这部分讲解了算法设计的基本原理，包括时间复杂度和空间复杂度的概念，以及如何评估算法的性能。通过这些分析，学生可以学习如何优化算法，使其在实际应用中表现更佳。后续章节深入探讨了各种数据结构，如数组、链表、栈、队列、堆、树、图等，以及它们在排序、搜索、动态规划等常见问题中的应用。此外，作者还涵盖了递归、分治、回溯等经典算法策略。第3版的更新3.2.0.10可能包含了对先前版本的修正和改进，作者还提供了在线的错误报告页面，以便用户反馈和获取最新信息。对于希望获得纸质版的同学，Dover Publications提供了印刷版购买链接。总体来说，《C++第3版数据结构与算法》是一本实用的教材，不仅适合计算机科学专业学生的学习，也对程序员和从事软件开发的工程师具有很高的参考价值。通过阅读本书，读者将能够掌握C++编程中数据结构和算法的基础知识，并能灵活运用它们解决实际问题。

Preface xvii

cating required conditions in a way that is both adequate for clarifying how a data

structure is meant to operate, and is easily modiﬁed into true exception handling.

See the Appendix for the implementation of Assert.

I make a distinction in the text between “C

implementations” and “pseu-

docode.” Code labeled as a C

implementation has actually been compiled and

tested on one or more C

compilers. Pseudocode examples often conform closely

to C

syntax, but typically contain one or more lines of higher-level description.

Pseudocode is used where I perceived a greater pedagogical advantage to a simpler,

but less precise, description.

Exercises and Projects: Proper implementation and analysis of data structures

cannot be learned simply by reading a book. You must practice by implementing

real programs, constantly comparing different techniques to see what really works

best in a given situation.

One of the most important aspects of a course in data structures is that it is

where students really learn to program using pointers and dynamic memory al-

location, by implementing data structures such as linked lists and trees. It is often

where students truly learn recursion. In our curriculum, this is the ﬁrst course where

students do signiﬁcant design, because it often requires real data structures to mo-

tivate signiﬁcant design exercises. Finally, the fundamental differences between

memory-based and disk-based data access cannot be appreciated without practical

programming experience. For all of these reasons, a data structures course cannot

succeed without a signiﬁcant programming component. In our department, the data

structures course is one of the most difﬁcult programming course in the curriculum.

Students should also work problems to develop their analytical abilities. I pro-

vide over 450 exercises and suggestions for programming projects. I urge readers

to take advantage of them.

Contacting the Author and Supplementary Materials: A book such as this

is sure to contain errors and have room for improvement. I welcome bug reports

and constructive criticism. I can be reached by electronic mail via the Internet at

shaffer@vt.edu. Alternatively, comments can be mailed to

Cliff Shaffer

Department of Computer Science

Virginia Tech

Blacksburg, VA 24061

The electronic posting of this book, along with a set of lecture notes for use in

class can be obtained at

http://www.cs.vt.edu/

shaffer/book.html.

The code examples used in the book are available at the same site. Online Web

pages for Virginia Tech’s sophomore-level data structures class can be found at

xviii Preface

http://courses.cs.vt.edu/

cs3114.

Readers of this textbook will be interested in our open-source, online eText-

book project, OpenDSA (http://algoviz.org/OpenDSA). The OpenDSA

project’s goal is to ceate a complete collection of tutorials that combine textbook-

quality content with algorithm visualizations for every algorithm and data structure,

and a rich collection of interactive exercises. When complete, OpenDSA will re-

place this book.

This book was typeset by the author using L

X. The bibliography was pre-

pared using BIBT

X. The index was prepared using makeindex. The ﬁgures were

mostly drawn with Xfig. Figures 3.1 and 9.10 were partially created using Math-

ematica.

Acknowledgments: It takes a lot of help from a lot of people to make a book.

I wish to acknowledge a few of those who helped to make this book possible. I

apologize for the inevitable omissions.

Virginia Tech helped make this whole thing possible through sabbatical re-

search leave during Fall 1994, enabling me to get the project off the ground. My de-

partment heads during the time I have written the various editions of this book, Den-

nis Kafura and Jack Carroll, provided unwavering moral support for this project.

Mike Keenan, Lenny Heath, and Jeff Shaffer provided valuable input on early ver-

sions of the chapters. I also wish to thank Lenny Heath for many years of stimulat-

ing discussions about algorithms and analysis (and how to teach both to students).

Steve Edwards deserves special thanks for spending so much time helping me on

various redesigns of the C

and Java code versions for the second and third edi-

tions, and many hours of discussion on the principles of program design. Thanks

to Layne Watson for his help with Mathematica, and to Bo Begole, Philip Isenhour,

Jeff Nielsen, and Craig Struble for much technical assistance. Thanks to Bill Mc-

Quain, Mark Abrams and Dennis Kafura for answering lots of silly questions about

and Java.

I am truly indebted to the many reviewers of the various editions of this manu-

script. For the ﬁrst edition these reviewers included J. David Bezek (University of

Evansville), Douglas Campbell (Brigham Young University), Karen Davis (Univer-

sity of Cincinnati), Vijay Kumar Garg (University of Texas – Austin), Jim Miller

(University of Kansas), Bruce Maxim (University of Michigan – Dearborn), Jeff

Parker (Agile Networks/Harvard), Dana Richards (George Mason University), Jack

Tan (University of Houston), and Lixin Tao (Concordia University). Without their

help, this book would contain many more technical errors and many fewer insights.

For the second edition, I wish to thank these reviewers: Gurdip Singh (Kansas

State University), Peter Allen (Columbia University), Robin Hill (University of

Wyoming), Norman Jacobson (University of California – Irvine), Ben Keller (East-

ern Michigan University), and Ken Bosworth (Idaho State University). In addition,

Preface xix

I wish to thank Neil Stewart and Frank J. Thesen for their comments and ideas for

improvement.

Third edition reviewers included Randall Lechlitner (University of Houstin,

Clear Lake) and Brian C. Hipp (York Technical College). I thank them for their

comments.

Prentice Hall was the original print publisher for the ﬁrst and second editions.

Without the hard work of many people there, none of this would be possible. Au-

thors simply do not create printer-ready books on their own. Foremost thanks go to

Kate Hargett, Petra Rector, Laura Steele, and Alan Apt, my editors over the years.

My production editors, Irwin Zucker for the second edition, Kathleen Caren for

the original C

version, and Ed DeFelippis for the Java version, kept everything

moving smoothly during that horrible rush at the end. Thanks to Bill Zobrist and

Bruce Gregory (I think) for getting me into this in the ﬁrst place. Others at Prentice

Hall who helped me along the way include Truly Donovan, Linda Behrens, and

Phyllis Bregman. Thanks to Tracy Dunkelberger for her help in returning the copy-

right to me, thus enabling the electronic future of this work. I am sure I owe thanks

to many others at Prentice Hall for their help in ways that I am not even aware of.

I am thankful to Shelley Kronzek at Dover publications for her faith in taking

on the print publication of this third edition. Much expanded, with both Java and

versions, and many inconsistencies corrected, I am conﬁdent that this is the

best edition yet. But none of us really knows whether students will prefer a free

online textbook or a low-cost, printed bound version. In the end, we believe that

the two formats will be mutually supporting by offering more choices. Production

editor James Miller and design manager Marie Zaczkiewicz have worked hard to

ensure that the production is of the highest quality.

I wish to express my appreciation to Hanan Samet for teaching me about data

structures. I learned much of the philosophy presented here from him as well,

though he is not responsible for any problems with the result. Thanks to my wife

Terry, for her love and support, and to my daughters Irena and Kate for pleasant

diversions from working too hard. Finally, and most importantly, to all of the data

structures students over the years who have taught me what is important and what

should be skipped in a data structures course, and the many new insights they have

provided. This book is dedicated to them.

Cliff Shaffer

Blacksburg, Virginia

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