非技术人士的科技沟通宝典：第二版

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《Apress. 如何说科技：第二版》是一本专为非技术背景人士设计的指南，旨在帮助读者理解并自信地参与科技相关的讨论。作者Vinay Trivedi以构建一个虚构的初创公司的故事为主线，将复杂的科技概念分解成易于理解的部分，让读者能够掌握区块链、人工智能（AI）、增强现实（AR）和虚拟现实（VR）、物联网（IoT）、软件开发、编程语言、数据库等关键技术的基础知识。在第二版中，作者增添了更多新兴技术内容，确保读者跟上时代的步伐。这本书的策略是通过实践性学习，让读者在了解创业过程中涉及的各类技术时，逐步建立起自己的理解。书中强调的核心理念是，科技并非遥不可及，每个人都有能力掌握这些概念，只要采用分步解析的方法，就能避免那些通常解释不清的复杂性，从而认识到其实质并不神秘。阅读本书，读者将学会如何在商务场合对新技术进行智能倾听和自信表达，同时在创办自己的组织时，能对自己的技术理解感到信心满满。《如何说科技：第二版》是一本实用的工具书，无论是在日常对话中，还是在与科技发展息息相关的决策中，都能助你游刃有余，成为科技话题的主导者。它不仅适合初学者，也是专业人士提升沟通技巧的宝贵资源。

How to Speak Tech

type is POST, which the browser uses if you are sending data to the server. In

some instances, either method could service the request, but they are different

in how data are actually sent over the Internet. With the GET method, the

information you send to the server is added to the URL. If you are searching

for the word “mediterranean” on MyAppoly, for example, the GET request

redirects you to the URL www.MyAppoly.com/search?q=mediterranean.

If the search term is sent via POST, the term would be within the HTTP

message and not visible in the URL. It is considered good practice to reserve

POST requests for those that alter something on the server-side.

So the client has issued a request, which finds the MyAppoly server and tells

it to GET the page containing the “pic1” file. The server fetches the resource

and sends it back as a response using TCP/IP. The browser can use the header’s

information to display, or render, the resource. The process is not necessarily

finished, however, because the client may need to send more requests. Since

the server can only send one resource at a time back to the browser, several

requests may be needed to retrieve all the resources required to construct

a web page. If you want to view the page that has the pic1 picture on it, you

are asking for two resources: the HTML page, which has the text content and

layout of the page, and the pic1 image. Therefore, the browser needs to send

at least two requests.

Conclusion

With your knowledge of some of the basic elements, operations, and tools of

the Internet, you are probably eager to move on to the challenge of creating

MyAppoly. However, you must first set up website hosting, which is required

for your application to be on the Internet.

Chapter 2 | Hosting and the Cloud

You probably don’t want to host a website yourself. You certainly could—it

would be free (electricity and Internet not included), and you would have

complete flexibility over the server. The downside is that you have to manage

it, which requires significant technical knowledge.

Enough people in the world have realized that self-hosting is troublesome,

so smart entrepreneurs started companies that provide hosting. They offer

computers designed to store websites optimized for accessibility and speed.

They removed all unneeded components on computers so they can be more

efficient and cheaper servers. Say goodbye to card games and paint programs.

No more monitor or keyboard either. Hosting providers accumulated racks

of these minimalist computers and rented space on these servers to people

who wanted to host their websites.

Hosting providers quickly became popular because they allowed website

developers to focus on their product. Hosting providers typically offer a

control panel for website developers to manage the site and allow files to

be moved to these remote servers using File Transfer Protocol (FTP), special

software that allows you to upload your website files to the servers.

Hosting Considerations

When choosing a hosting provider, consider the following parameters:

• Server type: Different servers have different web hosting

software (such as Apache, OS X Server, and Windows

Server), which does not matter for the average user and

use case.

• Disk space allowance: The size of your website and

database will determine how much memory you need

on the server.

• Bandwidth: Every time someone visits your web page, the

browser requests files from the server. The amount of

data transferred from your server back to the user is

known as bandwidth. The more users visiting your site

or the more images and resources your web page has,

the higher the bandwidth. Some hosting providers base

a portion of pricing on bandwidth needs since it costs

more to serve 1 million customers than just one.

• Reliability and uptime: Make sure the hosting provider

keeps your website on the Internet and accessible as

close to continuously (24 hours a day, 7 days a week, 365

days a year) as possible.

How to Speak Tech

• Price: Shop around for different options. The prices

vary among the categories outlined next, but within a

particular category, prices may vary just a little. Have a

realistic budget in mind that balances your requirements

with available packages.

The Different Types of Hosting

Hosting providers make their servers available for use in many ways. Below

are a few:

• Shared hosting: When multiple users share a single server, it’s

called shared hosting. The hosting provider essentially divides a

server into several parts and rents each part out to a different

user. Because the server is shared, this type of plan is typically

the cheapest but also the most inflexible. You can’t update

software or change configurations on the shared server, as

your changes might affect the other websites running on the

same server (and their changes would affect you!). Despite

the trade-off in flexibility, this cheaper solution typically works

for simple websites, such as personal websites.

• Dedicated server: As the name suggests, a dedicated server

plan allows you to rent an entire server to do whatever you

please. You can customize the server in any way you want, and

you can ensure that other people’s problems do not become

yours, but a substantial increase in price accompanies the

added flexibility and control. This type of plan makes sense

if you are hosting several websites, especially if they have

significant traffic and substantial database use (usernames,

credit card information, popular items, etc.).

• Virtual dedicated server: A virtual dedicated server, aka

virtual private server, is in some ways a combination of a

shared hosting plan and a dedicated server plan. Hosting

providers can offer server space that you can treat as a

dedicated server, but the server is really shared. You can

customize it however you want, unlike in shared hosting

plans, yet several customers can use the same server.

Computer space and processing power are not wasted,

thus benefiting the hosting provider, and customers do

not have to pay for an entire server if they don’t need it.

• Collocated hosting: In a collocated hosting plan, you own

the server, but delegate its management to a hosting

provider. What you pay for is bandwidth (Internet usage)

and maintenance fees (for cooling and so on).

Chapter 2 | Hosting and the Cloud

The Cloud

The cloud is best understood when you realize its similarities to the

mainframe computers of the 1950s. These computers were massive, pricey,

and available only to the governments and large organizations that could afford

them. Rather than work directly on the computer, users would access the

mainframe using a dummy computer with a special, text-only program called

the terminal. Through these dummy computers, users would gain access to

the real computer, where all the data and programs lived. All information and

functionality were centralized, in a sense, but as computers become cheaper,

the idea of a personal computer began to take over.

However, individual computers are limited by their memory and data processing

speed. As network technology improved, computer scientists realized

that connecting computers in a network would dramatically improve their

capabilities. This network of computers is called the cloud. The decentralized

computers that comprise the cloud can interact collaboratively through the

Internet. In some ways, the cloud is a reversion to the mainframe computers

of the 1950s—users interact with the fast and powerful cloud through an

interface on their individual, much less powerful computers.

When someone says, “I stored it in the cloud,” or “I accessed it in the cloud,”

they’re referencing a powerful tool. Through the Internet, they accessed some

service (such as Dropbox) and stored their files there. Rather than saving it on

their hard drive or relying on offline services, the cloud leverages the Internet

to make resources and services available. In addition to photos, music, and any

other type of information you can imagine, the network of servers that forms

the cloud also stores everything from simple websites to more complicated

web software that can be accessed online.

Cloud computing refers to the access and use of information and software on

the cloud by computers and other digital devices such as smartphones and

tablets. It encompasses the idea that you no longer have to save everything to

your physical computer. Cloud computing means that you don’t need to go to

a store to buy software on a disk that you have to insert and install onto your

machine. Today, most companies host some version of their product online.

According to the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST),

the cloud computing model “is composed of five essential characteristics,

three service models, and four deployment models.”

Peter Mell and Timothy Gance, “The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing.” National

Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publication 800-145, 2011. Available at

http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-145/SP800-145.pdf.

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