Python编程：自动化日常任务

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"Automate the Boring Stuff with Python.pdf" 是一本面向完全初学者的实践编程书籍，由 Al Sweigart 所著，专注于使用 Python 语言进行日常事务的自动化处理。这本书介绍了如何利用 Python 编程来自动化各种枯燥乏味的任务，从而提高效率。它涵盖了以下关键知识点： 1. **基础编程概念**：书中的内容适用于没有编程经验的人，从基本的编程概念开始，如变量、数据类型、条件语句、循环和函数，帮助读者构建编程思维。 2. **文件和文件夹操作**：学习如何在Python中创建、读取、更新、移动和重命名文件及文件夹，这对于文件管理自动化至关重要。 3. **文本处理**：讲解如何在文本文件中搜索特定内容，这对于批量处理文档或日志文件非常实用。 4. **Web自动化**：介绍如何使用Python进行网页抓取，下载在线内容，这对于数据收集和分析很有帮助。 5. **处理Excel数据**：书中涵盖了如何与Excel电子表格交互，包括读取、写入、更新和格式化数据，这对于办公自动化特别有用。 6. **PDF操作**：学习如何对PDF文件执行各种操作，如拆分、合并、添加水印和加密，增强文档管理能力。 7. **邮件和通知**：介绍如何使用Python发送邮件和短信通知，实现自动化的通信功能。 8. **填写在线表单**：通过模拟用户交互，自动化完成在线表单的填写，节省手动输入的时间。 9. **实践项目**：每章结尾都有练习项目，鼓励读者应用所学知识解决实际问题，巩固学习成果。 10. **技术审阅**：书中有专业审阅者 Ari Lacenski 的技术支持，确保内容的准确性和实用性。通过阅读此书，读者不仅能够掌握Python编程基础，还能学习到一系列实用的自动化技巧，从而让电脑代替人类执行那些重复性、低效的工作。无论是个人还是专业人士，都可以从这本书中受益，提升工作效率。

xvi Contents in Detail

Summary ...................................................... 261

Practice Questions ................................................ 261

Practice Projects.................................................. 262

Command Line Emailer ...................................... 262

Image Site Downloader ...................................... 263

2048................................................... 263

Link Verification ........................................... 263

WORKING WITH EXCEL SPREADSHEETS 265

Excel Documents ................................................. 266

Installing the openpyxl Module ....................................... 266

Reading Excel Documents ........................................... 266

Opening Excel Documents with OpenPyXL ......................... 267

Getting Sheets from the Workbook .............................. 268

Getting Cells from the Sheets .................................. 268

Converting Between Column Letters and Numbers.................... 270

Getting Rows and Columns from the Sheets ........................ 270

Workbooks, Sheets, Cells .................................... 272

Project: Reading Data from a Spreadsheet ............................... 272

Step 1: Read the Spreadsheet Data.............................. 273

Step 2: Populate the Data Structure .............................. 274

Step 3: Write the Results to a File ............................... 275

Ideas for Similar Programs .................................... 276

Writing Excel Documents ........................................... 277

Creating and Saving Excel Documents............................ 277

Creating and Removing Sheets ................................. 278

Writing Values to Cells ...................................... 278

Project: Updating a Spreadsheet ...................................... 279

Step 1: Set Up a Data Structure with the Update Information ............ 280

Step 2: Check All Rows and Update Incorrect Prices .................. 281

Ideas for Similar Programs .................................... 281

Setting the Font Style of Cells......................................... 282

Font Objects .................................................... 282

Formulas ....................................................... 284

Adjusting Rows and Columns ........................................ 285

Setting Row Height and Column Width ........................... 285

Merging and Unmerging Cells ................................. 286

Freeze Panes ............................................. 287

Charts ........................................................ 288

Summary ...................................................... 290

Practice Questions ................................................ 291

Practice Projects.................................................. 291

Multiplication Table Maker.................................... 291

Blank Row Inserter.......................................... 292

Spreadsheet Cell Inverter ..................................... 292

Text Files to Spreadsheet ..................................... 293

Spreadsheet to Text Files ..................................... 293

Contents in Detail xvii

WORKING WITH PDF AND WORD DOCUMENTS 295

PDF Documents .................................................. 295

Extracting Text from PDFs ..................................... 296

Decrypting PDFs ........................................... 297

Creating PDFs............................................. 298

Project: Combining Select Pages from Many PDFs .......................... 303

Step 1: Find All PDF Files ..................................... 304

Step 2: Open Each PDF ...................................... 304

Step 3: Add Each Page ...................................... 305

Step 4: Save the Results ...................................... 305

Ideas for Similar Programs .................................... 306

Word Documents ................................................. 306

Reading Word Documents .................................... 307

Getting the Full Text from a .docx File ............................ 308

Styling Paragraph and Run Objects.............................. 309

Creating Word Documents with Nondefault Styles ................... 310

Run Attributes ............................................. 311

Writing Word Documents .................................... 312

Adding Headings .......................................... 314

Adding Line and Page Breaks.................................. 315

Adding Pictures............................................ 315

Summary ...................................................... 316

Practice Questions ................................................ 316

Practice Projects.................................................. 317

PDF Paranoia ............................................. 317

Custom Invitations as Word Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317

Brute-Force PDF Password Breaker............................... 318

WORKING WITH CSV FILES AND JSON DATA 319

The csv Module .................................................. 320

Reader Objects............................................ 321

Reading Data from Reader Objects in a for Loop .................... 322

Writer Objects ............................................ 322

The delimiter and lineterminator Keyword Arguments.................. 323

Project: Removing the Header from CSV Files ............................. 324

Step 1: Loop Through Each CSV File ............................. 325

Step 2: Read in the CSV File .................................. 325

Step 3: Write Out the CSV File Without the First Row ................. 326

Ideas for Similar Programs .................................... 327

JSON and APIs .................................................. 327

The json Module ................................................. 328

Reading JSON with the loads() Function .......................... 328

Writing JSON with the dumps() Function .......................... 329

Project: Fetching Current Weather Data ................................. 329

Step 1: Get Location from the Command Line Argument................ 330

Step 2: Download the JSON Data............................... 330

Step 3: Load JSON Data and Print Weather........................ 331

Ideas for Similar Programs .................................... 332

Summary ...................................................... 333

xviii Contents in Detail

Practice Questions ................................................ 333

Practice Project .................................................. 333

Excel-to-CSV Converter ...................................... 333

KEEPING TIME, SCHEDULING TASKS,

AND LAUNCHING PROGRAMS 335

The time Module ................................................. 336

The time.time() Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336

The time.sleep() Function ..................................... 337

Rounding Numbers ............................................... 338

Project: Super Stopwatch ........................................... 338

Step 1: Set Up the Program to Track Times......................... 339

Step 2: Track and Print Lap Times ............................... 339

Ideas for Similar Programs .................................... 340

The datetime Module .............................................. 341

The timedelta Data Type ..................................... 342

Pausing Until a Specific Date .................................. 344

Converting datetime Objects into Strings .......................... 344

Converting Strings into datetime Objects .......................... 345

Review of Python’s Time Functions ..................................... 346

Multithreading ................................................... 347

Passing Arguments to the Thread’s Target Function ................... 348

Concurrency Issues ......................................... 349

Project: Multithreaded XKCD Downloader ................................ 350

Step 1: Modify the Program to Use a Function ...................... 350

Step 2: Create and Start Threads ............................... 351

Step 3: Wait for All Threads to End.............................. 352

Launching Other Programs from Python.................................. 352

Passing Command Line Arguments to Popen()....................... 354

Task Scheduler, launchd, and cron .............................. 354

Opening Websites with Python................................. 355

Running Other Python Scripts .................................. 355

Opening Files with Default Applications........................... 355

Project: Simple Countdown Program.................................... 357

Step 1: Count Down ........................................ 357

Step 2: Play the Sound File.................................... 357

Ideas for Similar Programs .................................... 358

Summary ...................................................... 358

Practice Questions ................................................ 359

Practice Projects.................................................. 359

Prettified Stopwatch......................................... 360

Scheduled Web Comic Downloader . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360

SENDING EMAIL AND TEXT MESSAGES 361

SMTP ......................................................... 362

Sending Email ................................................... 362

Connecting to an SMTP Server ................................. 363

Sending the SMTP “Hello” Message ............................. 364

Contents in Detail xix

Starting TLS Encryption ...................................... 364

Logging in to the SMTP Server ................................. 364

Sending an Email .......................................... 365

Disconnecting from the SMTP Server ............................. 366

IMAP ......................................................... 366

Retrieving and Deleting Emails with IMAP ................................ 366

Connecting to an IMAP Server ................................. 367

Logging in to the IMAP Server ................................. 368

Searching for Email......................................... 368

Fetching an Email and Marking It As Read......................... 372

Getting Email Addresses from a Raw Message ...................... 373

Getting the Body from a Raw Message ........................... 374

Deleting Emails ............................................ 375

Disconnecting from the IMAP Server ............................. 375

Project: Sending Member Dues Reminder Emails ........................... 376

Step 1: Open the Excel File ................................... 376

Step 2: Find All Unpaid Members ............................... 378

Step 3: Send Customized Email Reminders......................... 378

Sending Text Messages with Twilio .................................... 380

Signing Up for a Twilio Account ................................ 380

Sending Text Messages ...................................... 381

Project: “Just Text Me” Module........................................ 383

Summary ...................................................... 384

Practice Questions ................................................ 384

Practice Projects.................................................. 385

Random Chore Assignment Emailer.............................. 385

Umbrella Reminder ......................................... 385

Auto Unsubscriber.......................................... 385

Controlling Your Computer Through Email ......................... 386

MANIPULATING IMAGES 387

Computer Image Fundamentals ....................................... 388

Colors and RGBA Values ..................................... 388

Coordinates and Box Tuples................................... 389

Manipulating Images with Pillow ...................................... 390

Working with the Image Data Type .............................. 392

Cropping Images .......................................... 393

Copying and Pasting Images onto Other Images..................... 394

Resizing an Image.......................................... 397

Rotating and Flipping Images .................................. 398

Changing Individual Pixels .................................... 400

Project: Adding a Logo ............................................. 401

Step 1: Open the Logo Image.................................. 401

Step 2: Loop Over All Files and Open Images ...................... 402

Step 3: Resize the Images .................................... 403

Step 4: Add the Logo and Save the Changes ....................... 404

Ideas for Similar Programs .................................... 406

Drawing on Images ............................................... 406

Drawing Shapes ........................................... 406

Drawing Text ............................................. 408

xx Contents in Detail

Summary ...................................................... 410

Practice Questions ................................................ 410

Practice Projects.................................................. 411

Extending and Fixing the Chapter Project Programs................... 411

Identifying Photo Folders on the Hard Drive ........................ 411

Custom Seating Cards ....................................... 412

CONTROLLING THE KEYBOARD AND MOUSE

WITH GUI AUTOMATION 413

Installing the pyautogui Module ....................................... 414

Staying on Track ................................................. 414

Shutting Down Everything by Logging Out ......................... 414

Pauses and Fail-Safes ....................................... 415

Controlling Mouse Movement ........................................ 415

Moving the Mouse ......................................... 416

Getting the Mouse Position.................................... 417

Project: “Where Is the Mouse Right Now?” ............................... 417

Step 1: Import the Module .................................... 418

Step 2: Set Up the Quit Code and Infinite Loop...................... 418

Step 3: Get and Print the Mouse Coordinates ....................... 418

Controlling Mouse Interaction ........................................ 419

Clicking the Mouse ......................................... 420

Dragging the Mouse ........................................ 420

Scrolling the Mouse......................................... 422

Working with the Screen............................................ 423

Getting a Screenshot ........................................ 423

Analyzing the Screenshot..................................... 424

Project: Extending the mouseNow Program ............................... 424

Image Recognition ................................................ 425

Controlling the Keyboard ........................................... 426

Sending a String from the Keyboard ............................. 426

Key Names .............................................. 427

Pressing and Releasing the Keyboard ............................ 428

Hotkey Combinations ....................................... 429

Review of the PyAutoGUI Functions .................................... 430

Project: Automatic Form Filler ........................................ 430

Step 1: Figure Out the Steps................................... 432

Step 2: Set Up Coordinates ................................... 432

Step 3: Start Typing Data..................................... 434

Step 4: Handle Select Lists and Radio Buttons....................... 435

Step 5: Submit the Form and Wait .............................. 436

Summary ...................................................... 437

Practice Questions ................................................ 438

Practice Projects.................................................. 438

Looking Busy ............................................. 438

Instant Messenger Bot ....................................... 438

Game-Playing Bot Tutorial .................................... 439

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