Hexa-X 6G旗舰项目D2.1：Tbps通信场景与技术差距分析

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欧盟6G旗舰项目Hexa-X是一个重大的科研计划，旨在推动下一代6G移动通信的发展。该项目在2021年1月启动，由H2020-ICT-2020-2资助，项目编号为101015956，其核心目标是构建一个连接人类、物理和数字世界的智能技术生态系统，以支持Tbps（太比特每秒）级别的通信。D2.1版本的交付物是2021年研究的关键技术分析文档，重点关注面向Tbps通信的用例研究和差距分析。 Hexa-X项目的D2.1文档名为《迈向6G时代的Tbps通信：用例与差距分析》，由多位来自欧洲顶尖高校和研究机构的专家共同编撰，如INT、SAG、OUL、NOG等单位的研究人员。参与者包括Kilian Roth、Nicola Michailow、Aarno Pärssinen、Hardy Halbauer等。该文档的发布日期为2021年6月30日，版本为1.0，涵盖了30个月的研究周期。文档内容深入探讨了如何通过6G技术实现Tbps级别的高速通信，这将对未来的通信网络性能、容量、可靠性和安全性提出前所未有的挑战。它详细列出了可能的应用场景，如超高清视频流、大规模物联网连接、自动驾驶、远程医疗等，这些都对数据传输速度有极高的需求。同时，D2.1文档还进行了关键技术和现有技术之间的对比分析（GAP analysis），即评估当前的技术水平与实现Tbps通信所需技术之间的差距。这包括但不限于频谱效率提升、新型多址方式、新型编码和调制技术、以及能效优化等方面。通过这项分析，项目团队希望能够识别出未来研发的重点方向，以便为6G标准制定和技术商业化提供科学依据。该文档的发布级别为PU1，意味着它面向的是专业用户群体，旨在为移动通信行业的同行提供有价值的参考信息。文档状态为最终版本，标志着研究工作已经完成，并为6G时代的通信技术发展奠定了坚实的基础。Hexa-X项目对于整个欧盟乃至全球的6G研究和标准化进程具有重要影响，预示着未来的无线通信将进入一个全新的高速、高效和智能化的新阶段。

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Hexa-X Deliverable D2.1

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1.3 Definition of Terms Related to Frequency Bands

The research community in the field of wireless communication uses a lot of different terms to

define frequency bands. These definitions are either not stable over time or are defined differently

using the same name. The following three examples illustrate this problem.

The first example is the frequency range definitions FR1 and FR2 for 3GPP NR. In [38.101-1a]

NR FR1 is defined as the frequency range of 450 MHz – 6000 MHz. But as the work in 3GPP

progressed this definition changed to 410 MHz – 7125 MHz per the last version of the

specification available during the writing of this document [38.101-1b]. The same will likely hold

true for FR2 where an extension of the current range 24250 MHz – 52600 MHz is still under

discussion.

The second examples are letter descriptions of bands. The definition of the D band can follow the

definition based on the waveguide size (WR7 or WG29) which would be the frequency band 110

– 170 GHz. However, there is also another definition of the D band as the frequency range from

1 to 2 GHz by the NATO. The work in [RG20] defines the D band as the frequency range 130 –

175 GHz. In contrast to this definition the work in [FRL19] defines the D band to include the

frequency range 130 – 170 GHz.

The term sub-THz is often found in academic literature in the field of future, mobile

communication [TLP20]. However, a strict interpretation of this definition would lead to all

frequencies below 300 GHz without a lower bound.

We seek to define a clear reference for the frequency ranges in context of Hexa-X and WP2. We

plan to adopt the terminology defined in Table 1-1. We also encourage everyone to define the

targeted frequency range in terms of the physical properties wavelength for propagation in

vacuum or frequency for propagation in vacuum.

Table 1-1: Definition of frequency bands in context of Hexa-X WP2.

Term

Frequency band

mmW

30 – 300 GHz

lower mmW

30 – 100 GHz

upper mmW

100 – 300 GHz

THz

300 GHz – 3 THz

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2 Use Cases

The frequency range above 100 GHz holds the potential for channels with large aggregated

bandwidth

. For communication systems, large bandwidths carry the promise of increased data

rates, higher traffic capacity and connection density, as well as finer frequency and time resolution

for environment sensing and potentially a lower latency. Shorter wavelengths bring altered

properties for the interaction of radio waves with the matter in our environment and make trade-

offs between smaller form-factor steerable antenna arrays and link budget possible. This brings

also great opportunities for capturing the (physical) environment with radio waves, which for 6G

is no longer a by-product but a design target. High resolution of multipath signal components and

fine grained beamforming are the foundation for better localization, mapping and tracking of

devices and objects. And covering a large range of frequencies with a radio brings us closer to be

able to explore the physical properties of our environment with spectroscopy. Further details on

opportunities and challenges related to wireless communications and sensing above 100 GHz can

be found in [RXK+19], [RAB+20] and [BBL+20].

Of course, most use cases envisioned for 6G (Figure 2-1) benefit from the best data rate and

latency with the most compact antenna size possible. However, when approaching the upper

mmW frequencies, these properties come with challenges, e.g., limited link range, additional

challenges in Non Line Of Sight (NLOS) scenarios, dependency on atmospheric conditions,

energy efficiency and potentially high cost of manufacturing, which, until addressed by

researchers and engineers, might be prohibitive for some of the envisioned applications. For

instance, in addition to challenges in antenna and hardware design, highly directional beams will

be necessary to counteract propagation loss, and clever methods to discover and exploit

communication paths in NLOS conditions are needed [RRE14, AK16, MSW20].

Figure 2-1: Hexa-X use case areas and use cases (from [HEX21-D12]). The highlighted use cases are

deemed a “representative subset” in Sec. 6 of D1.2.

Although most frequencies above 100 GHz are occupied (cf. Sec. 7 in D1.2 [HEX21-D12]), it is expected that changes

in regulation policies will be negotiated at future World Radiocommunication Conference (WRC). At these

frequencies, local (re-)use will play an important role. As of today, aggregated BW up to 10 GHz seems feasible.

Spectrum aspects will be further studied in Task 1.5 of WP 1 in Hexa-X.

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6G communication systems improving capabilities in the lower mmW frequencies and

approaching the upper mmW frequencies will contribute in various ways to the evolution of

existing cellular networks (w.r.t. to performance) and also pave the way for establishing new

capabilities. Based on the Hexa-X vision, values and use cases, WP1 has identified key challenges

w.r.t. KPIs, KVIs and new capabilities [HEX21-D12]. Figure 2-2 highlights the areas where WP2

solutions are expected to contribute to the extreme evolution of established capabilities or to act

as an enabler for new ones. The functionality needed from the underlying wireless technology to

achieve this can be broadly categorized into “short range wireless connectivity”, “long range

wireless connectivity” and “sensing with radio waves”. These three functional areas will serve as

an outline for the remainder of this section. Notably, primary focus for our analysis are the existing

and new KPIs, as well as, new capabilities. The identified KVI areas will also be supported by

the WP2 solutions, although indirectly because of the evolution of technology.

Figure 2-2: Hexa-X KPIs and capabilities footprint, primarily addressed by approaching the upper

mmW frequencies, based on Fig. 5-2 from D1.2 [HEX21-D12]. (KVI areas are impacted indirectly.)

Short-range wireless connectivity

In context of this document, we refer to the traditional small-cell scenario with typical cell size

below 100 m as short-range wireless connectivity for mmW frequencies (30 – 300 GHz). In

contrast to previous generations of cellular systems, emphasis on differentiated optimizations for

smaller ranges is expected in 6G. Short-range transceivers capable of operating in the upper mmW

frequencies will allow future communications systems to expand into new frequencies. In addition

to data rate, also traffic and connections per area (i.e., capacity and density) will generally

benefit from access to these new frequencies. Additionally, the increasing signal attenuation at

higher frequencies necessitates / gives the opportunity to deploy dense networks of smaller cells.

High directivity of the transmissions with narrow beams allows to further optimize the utilization

of communication resources. Altogether, these properties will also help with the integration of

local compute nodes by providing the means to transport data from sensors/displays/actors to the

processing and back.

Long-range wireless connectivity

This document treats point to point communication links at distances beyond 100 m as long-range

wireless connectivity for mmW frequencies (30 – 300 GHz). Traditional applications include

directional radio links across a few kilometres, while emerging scenarios might necessitate link

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distances of up to 1000 km. In general, more available bandwidth for wireless x-haul

(fixed/integrated) will increase achievable and peak data rates and capacity. Additionally, the

mmW frequencies are expected to play an increasing role for wireless backhaul links from and

between moving entities like satellites, high-altitude platforms, or swarm-networks, which will

be integral for extending the global reach of cellular networks (coverage).

Sensing with radio waves

With respect to location accuracy and integrated sensing capabilities, large signal bandwidth

leads to better resolution of multipaths. The rapidly steerable antennas with strong directivity,

which are necessary at frequencies beyond 100 GHz to overcome path loss, bring the benefit of

increasing the spatial resolution for localization purposes. And lastly, decreasing the wavelength

changes how radio waves interact with matter in the physical world. This can be exploited for 3D

mapping the environment, detecting human gestures and opens the direction of spectroscopy.

2.1 Short-Range Wireless Connectivity

The following two sections focus on requirements regarding short-range wireless connectivity.

We concentrate on communication systems with a range up to 100 meters (which is the typical

radius of small cells today).

2.1.1 Wireless Access (Device to Infrastructure)

Wireless access refers to the means for Device to Infrastructure (D2I) communication at short

ranges with low mobility. This functionality is expected to enable the following use cases in

future 6G systems:

• “General purpose” needs for wireless access, e.g., through ceiling-mounted hot spots that

are deployed primarily indoors in home and throughout corporate, smart city and

industrial campus scenarios.

• Bidirectional streaming between processing unit(s) and devices with

display(s)/projector(s)/camera(s), e.g., in mixed reality, telepresence, collaborative

remote work and entertainment, requiring fast and symmetrical interaction.

• Digital twin and industrial control applications can benefit from highly directed

connectivity and sensing, e.g., for indoors fixed wireless access for static or rarely moving

machines.

Wideband access systems in the upper mmW frequency range seem feasible, although as of today

these frequencies are mainly known for backhaul rather than access. The following considerations

are made with our current experience with frequencies in the range of 110 – 170 GHz in mind.

For the “general purpose” case, the maximum possible data rate feasible within available channel

bandwidth with a moderate number of simultaneous users can be made with the following

assumptions: a spectral efficiency of 3 b/s/Hz [RAB+20], and 10 – 20 GHz bandwidth and 2

MIMO streams leads to about 60 – 120 Gbps cell rate. Spatial multiplexing with up to 4 streams

is considered feasible [HW21]. Latency and reliability are not considered critical as performance

is on a par with 5G capabilities, which is sufficient. A range of several tens of meters is seen as

realistic. Notably, the cell size should match the intended purpose and the deployment of many

radio heads with small coverage area could be beneficial to connect more devices under certain

conditions.

The requirements for mixed reality, telepresence, and collaborative remote work differ ([Mic21],

[Mic16]): The range between device and infrastructure is smaller, reliability for collaborative

work needs to be improved, although extreme values are not required. For human operators,

system-level latency requirements are dictated by the limits of cyber sickness, which depend on

the involved senses, i.e., audio 100 ms, vision 10 ms, haptic 1 ms. For head-mounted devices,

complexity and form factor will be a crucial aspect. AR/VR applications today consume data rates

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in the order of tens of Mbps, e.g., for streaming 360° video [Qal18]. Notably, there is no adequate

consumer solution for streaming 4K/60FPS video to a TV, projector or XR headset as of today,

but work on it started in 3GPP by considering the use cases described in [26.928]. At the same

time, modern gaming monitors easily reach three times those refresh rates at extra wide screen

resolutions, which leads to uncompressed video bit rates beyond 20 Gbps per display. Predictions

for holographic communications expect data rate requirements two orders of magnitude beyond

that [TSM+21].

For digital twin and industrial control applications, range requirements like the “general purpose”

case are expected, e.g., to provide coverage for a room, workshop, or warehouse. For digital twins,

high data rates and low latency requirements are expected depending on the properties of the

sensors and actors that are deployed. For other control applications the focus is on reliability and

low latency with a reduced requirement on the data rate. An envisioned data rate intensive

application with up to several hundreds of Gbps is the “data shower” for downloading firmware

to a manufactured product, as commonly necessary in the automotive industry.

Due to the short range and indoor nature of these use cases, the target mobility is kept low. Lastly,

systems operating in the upper mmW frequencies primarily aim at achieving higher data rates

while respecting constrains on the energy efficiency. At this point in time the optimal system

architecture achieving this constraint is not known and one target of this investigation is to show

alternative solutions to solve the different communication requirements.

Table 2-1: Relevant KPIs and capabilities for short-range wireless access.

KPI

Capabilities today

Capabilities expected

Peak user data rate

Theoretical 5G peak rates (400

MHz carrier) [Eri21b]:

• 17.5 Gbps downlink

• 9.4 Gbps uplink

Public 5G deployments (as of

today): 0.2 ~ 1 Gbps downlink

[Tha21]

Up to 50 Gbps

Experienced latency

1 ~ 10 ms

0.1 ~ 1 ms

Range

Indoor cell: 25 m

Small cell: 100 m

Optimization for different

situations expected:

• Desk: 2 m

• Industrial machine,

workbench, hospital bed, etc.:

5 m

• Room: 25 m

• Industrial campus, train

station, etc.: 50 m

Device mobility

Stationary: 0 km/h

Pedestrian: < 10 km/h

[ITUM2410]

Stationary: 0 km/h

Pedestrian: < 10 km/h

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