数字基础：托马斯·L·弗洛伊德第11版

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"Digital Fundamentals" 是一本由 Thomas L. Floyd 编写的电子技术领域的经典教材，现在已经更新到第十一版的全球版。本书主要涵盖了数字系统的基础知识，适合电子工程、计算机科学及相关专业的学生和从业者学习。在数字技术的世界里，"Digital Fundamentals" 提供了全面且深入的介绍，包括以下几个核心知识点： 1. 数制系统：书中详细介绍了二进制、八进制、十进制和十六进制等不同数制之间的转换，这是理解数字系统的基础。 2. 逻辑门：讨论了基本的逻辑门（与门、或门、非门）以及组合逻辑电路，如异或门、同或门，以及多输入门的运作原理。 3. 时序逻辑：涵盖寄存器、计数器等时序逻辑器件，讲解了如何构建和分析简单的数字时序系统。 4. 数字编码：介绍不同的数字编码方式，如格雷码、BCD码等，以及它们在实际应用中的作用。 5. 数据转换：阐述模拟信号与数字信号之间的转换，包括模数转换器(ADC)和数模转换器(DAC)的工作原理。 6. 组合逻辑设计：教授如何使用布尔代数简化逻辑表达式，以及如何设计复杂的逻辑电路，如半加器、全加器和减法器。 7. 存储器：探讨了ROM（只读存储器）和RAM（随机访问存储器）的类型和功能，包括静态RAM(SRAM)和动态RAM(DRAM)的区别。 8. 微处理器：介绍微处理器的结构和工作原理，包括CPU、总线系统以及指令集的概念。 9. 数字系统设计：涵盖了VHDL和Verilog等硬件描述语言，用于现代数字系统的设计和验证。 10. 接口与通信：讨论了串行和并行通信，包括UART、SPI、I2C等接口协议，以及基本的通信理论。 11. 数字系统集成：讲解了集成电路（IC）和微电子封装技术，以及如何将这些组件集成到实际的数字系统中。通过这本书，读者不仅可以学习到数字系统的理论基础，还能了解到实际应用中的问题和解决方案。此外，书中可能还包含丰富的实例、习题和实验指导，以帮助读者巩固理论知识并提高实践能力。在全球版中，作者可能针对不同地区的教育需求进行了适应性调整，以确保教材的全球适用性。

CHAPTER OUTLINE

1–1 Digital and Analog Quantities

1–2 Binary Digits, Logic Levels, and Digital

Waveforms

1–3 Basic Logic Functions

1–4 Combinational and Sequential Logic Functions

1–5 Introduction to Programmable Logic

1–6 Fixed-Function Logic Devices

1–7 Test and Measurement Instruments

1–8 Introduction to Troubleshooting

CHAPTER OBJECTIVES

■

Explain the basic differences between digital and

analog quantities

■

Show how voltage levels are used to represent

digital quantities

■

Describe various parameters of a pulse waveform

such as rise time, fall time, pulse width, frequency,

period, and duty cycle

■

Explain the basic logic functions of NOT, AND,

and OR

■

Describe several types of logic operations and

explain their application in an example system

■

Describe programmable logic, discuss the

various types, and describe how PLDs are

programmed

■

Identify fixed-function digital integrated circuits

according to their complexity and the type of circuit

packaging

■

Identify pin numbers on integrated circuit packages

■

Recognize various instruments and understand

how they are used in measurement and

troubleshooting digital circuits and systems

■

Describe basic troubleshooting methods

VISIT THE WEBSITE

Study aids for this chapter are available at

http://www.pearsonglobaleditions.com/floyd

INTRODUCTION

The term digital is derived from the way operations

are performed, by counting digits. For many years,

applications of digital electronics were confined

to computer systems. Today, digital technology is

applied in a wide range of areas in addition to com-

puters. Such applications as television, communi-

cations systems, radar, navigation and guidance

systems, military systems, medical instrumentation,

industrial process control, and consumer electron-

ics use digital techniques. Over the years digital

technology has progressed from vacuum-tube circuits

■

Analog

■

Digital

■

Binary

■

Bit

■

Pulse

■

Duty cycle

■

Clock

■

Timing diagram

■

Data

■

Serial

■

Parallel

■

Logic

■

Input

■

Output

■

Gate

■

NOT

■

Inverter

■

AND

■

Programmable logic

■

SPLD

■

CPLD

■

FPGA

■

Microcontroller

■

Embedded system

■

Compiler

■

Integrated circuit (IC)

■

Fixed-function logic

■

Troubleshooting

KEY TERMS

Key terms are in order of appearance in the chapter.

Introductory Concepts

CHAPTER

16 Introductory Concepts

1–1 Digital and Analog Quantities

Electronic circuits can be divided into two broad categories, digital and analog. Digital

electronics involves quantities with discrete values, and analog electronics involves quan-

tities with continuous values. Although you will be studying digital fundamentals in this

book, you should also know something about analog because many applications require

both; and interfacing between analog and digital is important.

After completing this section, you should be able to

Define analog

Define digital

Explain the difference between digital and analog quantities

State the advantages of digital over analog

Give examples of how digital and analog quantities are used in electronics

An analog* quantity is one having continuous values. A digital quantity is one having

a discrete set of values. Most things that can be measured quantitatively occur in nature in

analog form. For example, the air temperature changes over a continuous range of values.

During a given day, the temperature does not go from, say,

70

71

instantaneously; it

takes on all the infinite values in between. If you graphed the temperature on a typical sum-

mer day, you would have a smooth, continuous curve similar to the curve in Figure 1–1.

Other examples of analog quantities are time, pressure, distance, and sound.

to discrete transistors to complex integrated circuits,

many of which contain millions of transistors, and

many of which are programmable.

This chapter introduces you to digital electronics

and provides a broad overview of many important

concepts, components, and tools.

*All bold terms are important and are deﬁned in the end-of-book glossary. The blue bold terms are key terms

and are included in a Key Term glossary at the end of each chapter.

100

A.M.

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

P.M.

Temperature

(°F)

Time of day

FIGURE 1–1 Graph of an analog quantity (temperature versus time).

Rather than graphing the temperature on a continuous basis, suppose you just take a

temperature reading every hour. Now you have sampled values representing the temperature

at discrete points in time (every hour) over a 24-hour period, as indicated in Figure 1–2.

Digital and Analog Quantities 17

You have effectively converted an analog quantity to a form that can now be digitized by

representing each sampled value by a digital code. It is important to realize that Figure 1–2

itself is not the digital representation of the analog quantity.

The Digital Advantage

Digital representation has certain advantages over analog representation in electronics applica-

tions. For one thing, digital data can be processed and transmitted more efficiently and reli-

ably than analog data. Also, digital data has a great advantage when storage is necessary. For

example, music when converted to digital form can be stored more compactly and reproduced

with greater accuracy and clarity than is possible when it is in analog form. Noise (unwanted

voltage fluctuations) does not affect digital data nearly as much as it does analog signals.

An Analog System

A public address system, used to amplify sound so that it can be heard by a large audience, is

one simple example of an application of analog electronics. The basic diagram in Figure 1–3

illustrates that sound waves, which are analog in nature, are picked up by a microphone and

converted to a small analog voltage called the audio signal. This voltage varies continuously as

the volume and frequency of the sound changes and is applied to the input of a linear amplifier.

The output of the amplifier, which is an increased reproduction of input voltage, goes to the

speaker(s). The speaker changes the amplified audio signal back to sound waves that have a

much greater volume than the original sound waves picked up by the microphone.

100

A.M.

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

P.M.

Time of day

Temperature

(°F)

FIGURE 1–2 Sampled-value representation (quantization) of the analog quantity in

Figure 1–1. Each value represented by a dot can be digitized by representing it as a digital

code that consists of a series of 1s and 0s.

Audio signal

Amplified audio signal

Speaker

Microphone

Original sound waves

Reproduced

sound waves

Linear amplifier

FIGURE 1–3 A basic audio public address system.

18 Introductory Concepts

Mechatronics

Both digital and analog electronics are used in the control of various mechanical systems.

The interdisciplinary field that comprises both mechanical and electronic components is

known as mechatronics.

Mechatronic systems are found in homes, industry, and transportation. Most home appliances

consist of both mechanical and electronic components. Electronics controls the operation of a

washing machine in terms of water flow, temperature, and type of cycle. Manufacturing indus-

tries rely heavily on mechatronics for process control and assembly. In automotive and other

types of manufacturing, robotic arms perform precision welding, painting, and other functions

on the assembly line. Automobiles themselves are mechatronic machines; a digital computer

controls functions such as braking, engine parameters, fuel flow, safety features, and monitoring.

Figure 1–5(a) is a basic block diagram of a mechatronic system. A simple robotic arm is

shown in Figure 1–5(b), and robotic arms on an automotive assembly line are shown in part (c).

Digital data

CD drive

10110011101

Analog

reproduction

of music audio

signal

Speaker

Sound

waves

Digital-to-analog

converter

Linear amplifier

FIGURE 1–4 Basic block diagram of a CD player. Only one channel is shown.

Electromechanical

interface

Robotic unit

Electronic controls

(a) Mechatronic system block diagram

FIGURE 1–5 Example of a mechatronic system and application. Part (b) Beawolf/Fotolia;

Part (c) Small Town Studio/Fotolia.

(b) Robotic arm

A System Using Digital and Analog Methods

The compact disk (CD) player is an example of a system in which both digital and analog

circuits are used. The simplified block diagram in Figure 1–4 illustrates the basic principle.

Music in digital form is stored on the compact disk. A laser diode optical system picks up

the digital data from the rotating disk and transfers it to the digital-to-analog converter

(DAC). The DAC changes the digital data into an analog signal that is an electrical repro-

duction of the original music. This signal is amplified and sent to the speaker for you to

enjoy. When the music was originally recorded on the CD, a process, essentially the reverse

of the one described here, using an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) was used.

Binary Digits, Logic Levels, and Digital Waveforms 1 9

SECTION 1–1 CHECKUP

Answers are at the end of the chapter.

1. Define analog.

2. Define digital.

3. Explain the difference between a digital quantity and an analog quantity.

4. Give an example of a system that is analog and one that is a combination of both

digital and analog. Name a system that is entirely digital.

5. What does a mechatronic system consist of?

1–2 Binary Digits, Logic Levels, and Digital Waveforms

Digital electronics involves circuits and systems in which there are only two possible

states. These states are represented by two different voltage levels: A HIGH and a LOW.

The two states can also be represented by current levels, bits and bumps on a CD or DVD,

etc. In digital systems such as computers, combinations of the two states, called codes, are

used to represent numbers, symbols, alphabetic characters, and other types of information.

The two-state number system is called binary, and its two digits are 0 and 1. A binary digit

is called a bit.

After completing this section, you should be able to

Define binary

Define bit

Name the bits in a binary system

Explain how voltage levels are used to represent bits

Explain how voltage levels are interpreted by a digital circuit

Describe the general characteristics of a pulse

Determine the amplitude, rise time, fall time, and width of a pulse

Identify and describe the characteristics of a digital waveform

Determine the amplitude, period, frequency, and duty cycle of a digital waveform

Explain what a timing diagram is and state its purpose

Explain serial and parallel data transfer and state the advantage and disadvantage

of each

Binary Digits

Each of the two digits in the binary system, 1 and 0, is called a bit, which is a contraction

of the words binary digit. In digital circuits, two different voltage levels are used to repre-

sent the two bits. Generally, 1 is represented by the higher voltage, which we will refer to

as a HIGH, and a 0 is represented by the lower voltage level, which we will refer to as a

LOW. This is called positive logic and will be used throughout the book.

HIGH  1

and

LOW  0

The movement of the arm in any quadrant and to any specified position is accomplished with

some type of digital control such as a microcontroller.

InfoNote

The concept of a digital computer

can be traced back to Charles

Babbage, who developed a crude

mechanical computation device in

the 1830s. John Atanasoff was the

first to apply electronic processing

to digital computing in 1939. In

1946, an electronic digital compu-

ter called ENIAC was implemented

with vacuum-tube circuits. Even

though it took up an entire room,

ENIAC didn’t have the computing

power of your handheld calculator.

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