没有合适的资源?快使用搜索试试~ 我知道了~
首页3GPP 24.008:详细规格概述 - GSM, UMTS, LTE及核心网络协议
3GPP 24.008是欧洲电信标准化协会(ETSI)发布的一份重要的技术规范文档,其全称为"ETSI TS 124 008 V11.11.0 (2014-07)",专注于数字蜂窝移动通信系统(Phase 2+)、通用移动通信系统(UMTS)、长期演进(LTE)以及移动网络接口层3规范。这份标准适用于3GPP(3rd Generation Partnership Project)的Release 11,即第三代合作伙伴计划的第11版。
在3GPP 24.008中,主要关注的是核心网络协议,特别是与Stage 3相关的部分。Stage 3通常指的是网络架构中的服务和会话管理功能,包括归属服务器(HSS)、网关(GW)以及用户设备间的控制面交互。它定义了移动设备如何与网络进行高效通信,确保数据传输的可靠性、安全性以及服务质量(QoS)。
GSM(全球系统移动通信)、LTE和UMTS这三个移动通信技术标准在3GPP 24.008中有密切关联,它们共同构建了一个无缝的移动通信环境。GSM作为早期的标准,为后续的UMTS和LTE奠定了基础;而UMTS进一步提高了数据传输速度,LTE则引入了4G技术,带来了显著的性能提升。3GPP 24.008不仅规范了这些技术之间的互操作性,还规定了它们在核心网络中的集成和通信方式。
该文档的发布和分发渠道是通过ETSI官网,强调任何电子版本或印刷版本的更新都需得到ETSI的书面授权,以确保信息的准确性和一致性。如果存在不同版本或印刷版本之间的内容差异,官方打印版的Portable Document Format(PDF)将是权威参考。
3GPP 24.008对于电信运营商、设备制造商、网络工程师以及任何从事移动通信系统设计、优化和维护的人来说,都是至关重要的参考资料,因为它提供了关于移动通信系统架构、协议细节和标准化操作流程的深入指导。了解和遵循这个标准,有助于确保移动通信服务的质量,推动技术创新和行业的持续发展。
ETSI
ETSI TS 124 008 V11.11.0 (2014
-
07)
15
3GPP TS 24.008 version 11.11.0 Release 11
9.3.18.1.1 Cause ............................................................................................................................................. 350
9.3.18.1.2 Second cause ................................................................................................................................. 350
9.3.18.1.3 Facility ........................................................................................................................................... 351
9.3.18.1.4 User-user ....................................................................................................................................... 351
9.3.18.2 Release (mobile station to network direction) ..................................................................................... 351
9.3.18.2.1 Cause ............................................................................................................................................. 351
9.3.18.2.2 Second cause ................................................................................................................................. 351
9.3.18.2.3 Facility ........................................................................................................................................... 351
9.3.18.2.4 User-user ....................................................................................................................................... 352
9.3.18.2.5 SS version ...................................................................................................................................... 352
9.3.18a Recall $(CCBS)$ ...................................................................................................................................... 352
9.3.18a.1 Recall Type ......................................................................................................................................... 352
9.3.18a.2 Facility ................................................................................................................................................ 352
9.3.19 Release complete ...................................................................................................................................... 352
9.3.19.1 Release complete (network to mobile station direction) ..................................................................... 352
9.3.19.1.1 Cause ............................................................................................................................................. 353
9.3.19.1.2 Facility ........................................................................................................................................... 353
9.3.19.1.3 User-user ....................................................................................................................................... 353
9.3.19.2 Release complete (mobile station to network direction) ..................................................................... 353
9.3.19.2.1 Cause ............................................................................................................................................. 354
9.3.19.2.2 Facility ........................................................................................................................................... 354
9.3.19.2.3 User-user ....................................................................................................................................... 354
9.3.19.2.4 SS version. ..................................................................................................................................... 354
9.3.20 Retrieve ..................................................................................................................................................... 354
9.3.21 Retrieve Acknowledge .............................................................................................................................. 355
9.3.22 Retrieve Reject .......................................................................................................................................... 355
9.3.23 Setup ......................................................................................................................................................... 356
9.3.23.1 Setup (mobile terminated call establishment) ..................................................................................... 356
9.3.23.1.1 BC repeat indicator ........................................................................................................................ 357
9.3.23.1.2 Bearer capability 1 and bearer capability 2 ................................................................................... 358
9.3.23.1.3 Facility ........................................................................................................................................... 358
9.3.23.1.4 Progress indicator .......................................................................................................................... 358
9.3.23.1.4a Called party BCD number ............................................................................................................. 358
9.3.23.1.5 Called party subaddress ................................................................................................................. 358
9.3.23.1.6 LLC repeat indicator ...................................................................................................................... 358
9.3.23.1.7 Low layer compatibility I .............................................................................................................. 358
9.3.23.1.8 Low layer compatibility II ............................................................................................................. 358
9.3.23.1.9 HLC repeat indicator ..................................................................................................................... 358
9.3.23.1.10 High layer compatibility i .............................................................................................................. 358
9.3.23.1.11 High layer compatibility ii ............................................................................................................. 359
9.3.23.1.12 User-user ....................................................................................................................................... 359
9.3.23.1.13 Redirecting party BCD number ..................................................................................................... 359
9.3.23.1.14 Redirecting party subaddress ......................................................................................................... 359
9.3.23.1.15 Priority ........................................................................................................................................... 359
9.3.23.1.16 Alert $(Network Indication of Alerting in the MS)$ ..................................................................... 359
9.3.23.1.17 Network Call Control Capabilities ................................................................................................ 359
9.3.23.1.18 Cause of No CLI ............................................................................................................................ 359
9.3.23.1.19 Backup bearer capability ............................................................................................................... 359
9.3.23.2 Setup (mobile originating call establishment) ..................................................................................... 359
9.3.23.2.1 BC repeat indicator ........................................................................................................................ 360
9.3.23.2.2 Facility ........................................................................................................................................... 361
9.3.23.2.3 LLC repeat indicator ...................................................................................................................... 361
9.3.23.2.4 Low layer compatibility I .............................................................................................................. 361
9.3.23.2.5 Low layer compatibility II ............................................................................................................. 361
9.3.23.2.6 HLC repeat indicator ..................................................................................................................... 361
9.3.23.2.7 High layer compatibility i .............................................................................................................. 361
9.3.23.2.8 High layer compatibility ii ............................................................................................................. 361
9.3.23.2.9 User-user ....................................................................................................................................... 361
9.3.23.2.10 SS version ...................................................................................................................................... 361
9.3.23.2.11 CLIR suppression .......................................................................................................................... 361
9.3.23.2.12 CLIR invocation ............................................................................................................................ 362
9.3.23.2.13 CC Capabilities .............................................................................................................................. 362
ETSI
ETSI TS 124
008 V11.11.0 (2014
-
07)
16
3GPP TS 24.008 version 11.11.0 Release 11
9.3.23.2.14 Stream Identifier ............................................................................................................................ 362
9.3.23.2.15 Bearer capability 1 and bearer capability 2 ................................................................................... 362
9.3.23.2.16 Supported Codecs .......................................................................................................................... 362
9.3.23.2.17 Redial ............................................................................................................................................ 362
9.3.23a Start CC $(CCBS)$ ................................................................................................................................... 362
9.3.23a.1 CC Capabilities ................................................................................................................................... 362
9.3.24 Start DTMF ............................................................................................................................................... 363
9.3.25 Start DTMF Acknowledge ........................................................................................................................ 363
9.3.25.1 Keypad facility .................................................................................................................................... 363
9.3.26 Start DTMF reject ..................................................................................................................................... 363
9.3.27 Status ........................................................................................................................................................ 364
9.3.27.1 Auxiliary states ................................................................................................................................... 364
9.3.28 Status enquiry ........................................................................................................................................... 364
9.3.29 Stop DTMF ............................................................................................................................................... 365
9.3.30 Stop DTMF acknowledge ......................................................................................................................... 365
9.3.31 User information ....................................................................................................................................... 366
9.3.31.1 User-user ............................................................................................................................................. 366
9.3.31.2 More data ............................................................................................................................................ 366
9.4 GPRS Mobility Management Messages ......................................................................................................... 366
9.4.1 Attach request ........................................................................................................................................... 366
9.4.1.1 Old P-TMSI signature ......................................................................................................................... 367
9.4.1.2 Requested READY timer value .......................................................................................................... 368
9.4.1.3 TMSI status ......................................................................................................................................... 368
9.4.1.4 PS LCS Capability .............................................................................................................................. 368
9.4.1.5 UE network capability ......................................................................................................................... 368
9.4.1.6 Mobile station classmark 2 .................................................................................................................. 368
9.4.1.7 Mobile station classmark 3 .................................................................................................................. 368
9.4.1.8 Supported Codecs ............................................................................................................................... 368
9.4.1.9 Additional mobile identity .................................................................................................................. 368
9.4.1.10 Additional old routing area identification ........................................................................................... 368
9.4.1.11 Voice domain preference and UE's usage setting................................................................................ 368
9.4.1.12 Device properties ................................................................................................................................ 368
9.4.1.13 P-TMSI type ........................................................................................................................................ 368
9.4.1.14 MS network feature support ................................................................................................................ 369
9.4.1.15 Old location area identification ........................................................................................................... 369
9.4.1.16 Additional update type ........................................................................................................................ 369
9.4.1.17 TMSI based NRI container ................................................................................................................. 369
9.4.2 Attach accept ............................................................................................................................................ 369
9.4.2.1 P-TMSI signature ................................................................................................................................ 370
9.4.2.2 Negotiated READY timer value ......................................................................................................... 370
9.4.2.3 Allocated P-TMSI ............................................................................................................................... 370
9.4.2.4 MS identity .......................................................................................................................................... 371
9.4.2.5 GMM cause ......................................................................................................................................... 371
9.4.2.6 T3302 value......................................................................................................................................... 371
9.4.2.7 Cell Notification (A/Gb mode only) ................................................................................................... 371
9.4.2.8 Equivalent PLMNs .............................................................................................................................. 371
9.4.2.9 Network feature support ...................................................................................................................... 371
9.4.2.10 Emergency Number List ..................................................................................................................... 371
9.4.2.11 Requested MS Information ................................................................................................................. 371
9.4.2.12 T3319 value......................................................................................................................................... 371
9.4.2.13 T3323 value......................................................................................................................................... 371
9.4.2.14 T3312 extended value ......................................................................................................................... 371
9.4.2.15 Additional network feature support ..................................................................................................... 371
9.4.3 Attach complete ........................................................................................................................................ 371
9.4.3.1 Inter RAT handover information ......................................................................................................... 372
9.4.3.2 E-UTRAN inter RAT handover information ...................................................................................... 372
9.4.4 Attach reject .............................................................................................................................................. 372
9.4.4.1 T3302 value......................................................................................................................................... 373
9.4.4.2 T3346 value......................................................................................................................................... 373
9.4.5 Detach request .......................................................................................................................................... 373
9.4.5.1 Detach request (mobile terminated detach) ......................................................................................... 373
9.4.5.1.1 GMM cause ......................................................................................................................................... 373
ETSI
ETSI TS 124 008 V11.11.0 (2014
-
07)
17
3GPP TS 24.008 version 11.11.0 Release 11
9.4.5.2 Detach request (mobile originating detach) ........................................................................................ 373
9.4.5.2.1 P-TMSI .......................................................................................................................................... 374
9.4.5.2.2 P-TMSI signature .......................................................................................................................... 374
9.4.6 Detach accept ............................................................................................................................................ 374
9.4.6.1 Detach accept (mobile terminated detach) .......................................................................................... 374
9.4.6.2 Detach accept (mobile originating detach) .......................................................................................... 374
9.4.7 P-TMSI reallocation command ................................................................................................................. 375
9.4.7.1 P-TMSI signature ................................................................................................................................ 375
9.4.8 P-TMSI reallocation complete .................................................................................................................. 375
9.4.9 Authentication and ciphering request ....................................................................................................... 376
9.4.9.1 Authentication Parameter RAND ........................................................................................................ 376
9.4.9.2 GPRS ciphering key sequence number ............................................................................................... 376
9.4.9.3 Authentication Parameter AUTN ........................................................................................................ 376
9.4.10 Authentication and ciphering response ..................................................................................................... 377
9.4.10.1 Authentication Response Parameter .................................................................................................... 377
9.4.10.2 IMEISV ............................................................................................................................................... 377
9.4.10.3 Authentication Response Parameter (extension) ................................................................................. 377
9.4.10a Authentication and Ciphering Failure ....................................................................................................... 377
9.4.10a.1 Authentication Failure parameter ........................................................................................................ 378
9.4.11 Authentication and ciphering reject .......................................................................................................... 378
9.4.12 Identity request ......................................................................................................................................... 378
9.4.13 Identity response ....................................................................................................................................... 379
9.4.14 Routing area update request ...................................................................................................................... 379
9.4.14.1 Old P-TMSI signature ......................................................................................................................... 381
9.4.14.2 Requested READY timer value .......................................................................................................... 381
9.4.14.3 DRX parameter ................................................................................................................................... 381
9.4.14.4 TMSI status ......................................................................................................................................... 381
9.4.14.5 P-TMSI (Iu mode only) ....................................................................................................................... 381
9.4.14.6 MS network capability ........................................................................................................................ 381
9.4.14.7 PDP context status .............................................................................................................................. 381
9.4.14.8 PS LCS Capability .............................................................................................................................. 381
9.4.14.9 MBMS context status .......................................................................................................................... 381
9.4.14.10 Additional mobile identity .................................................................................................................. 381
9.4.14.11 Additional old routing area identification ........................................................................................... 381
9.4.14.12 UE network capability ......................................................................................................................... 381
9.4.14.13 Mobile station classmark 2 .................................................................................................................. 381
9.4.14.14 Mobile station classmark 3 .................................................................................................................. 381
9.4.14.15 Supported Codecs ............................................................................................................................... 382
9.4.14.16 Voice domain preference and UE's usage setting................................................................................ 382
9.4.14.17 P-TMSI type ........................................................................................................................................ 382
9.4.14.18 Device properties ................................................................................................................................ 382
9.4.14.19 MS network feature support ................................................................................................................ 382
9.4.14.20 Old location area identification ........................................................................................................... 382
9.4.14.21 Additional update type ........................................................................................................................ 382
9.4.14.22 TMSI based NRI container ................................................................................................................. 382
9.4.15 Routing area update accept ....................................................................................................................... 382
9.4.15.1 P-TMSI signature ................................................................................................................................ 383
9.4.15.2 Allocated P-TMSI ............................................................................................................................... 383
9.4.15.3 MS identity .......................................................................................................................................... 384
9.4.15.4 List of Receive N-PDU Numbers ........................................................................................................ 384
9.4.15.5 Negotiated READY timer value ......................................................................................................... 384
9.4.15.6 GMM cause ......................................................................................................................................... 384
9.4.15.7 T3302 value......................................................................................................................................... 384
9.4.15.8 Cell Notification (A/Gb mode only) ................................................................................................... 384
9.4.15.9 Equivalent PLMNs .............................................................................................................................. 384
9.4.15.10 PDP context status .............................................................................................................................. 384
9.4.15.11 Network feature support ...................................................................................................................... 384
9.4.15.12 Emergency Number List ..................................................................................................................... 384
9.4.15.13 MBMS context status .......................................................................................................................... 385
9.4.15.14 Requested MS Information ................................................................................................................. 385
9.4.15.15 T3319 value......................................................................................................................................... 385
9.4.15.16 T3323 value......................................................................................................................................... 385
ETSI
ETSI TS 124 008 V11.11.0 (2014
-
07)
18
3GPP TS 24.008 version 11.11.0 Release 11
9.4.15.17 T3312 extended value ......................................................................................................................... 385
9.4.15.18 Additional network feature support ..................................................................................................... 385
9.4.16 Routing area update complete ................................................................................................................... 385
9.4.16.1 List of Receive N-PDU Numbers ........................................................................................................ 386
9.4.16.2 Inter RAT handover information ......................................................................................................... 386
9.4.16.3 E-UTRAN inter RAT handover information ...................................................................................... 386
9.4.17 Routing area update reject ........................................................................................................................ 386
9.4.17.1 T3302 value......................................................................................................................................... 387
9.4.17.2 T3346 value......................................................................................................................................... 387
9.4.18 GMM Status.............................................................................................................................................. 387
9.4.19 GMM Information .................................................................................................................................... 387
9.4.19.1 Full name for network ......................................................................................................................... 388
9.4.19.2 Short name for network ....................................................................................................................... 388
9.4.19.3 Local time zone ................................................................................................................................... 388
9.4.19.4 Universal time and local time zone ..................................................................................................... 388
9.4.19.5 LSA Identity ........................................................................................................................................ 388
9.4.19.6 Network Daylight Saving Time .......................................................................................................... 388
9.4.20 Service Request (Iu mode only) ................................................................................................................ 389
9.4.20.1 PDP context status .............................................................................................................................. 389
9.4.20.2 MBMS context status .......................................................................................................................... 389
9.4.20.3 Uplink data status ................................................................................................................................ 389
9.4.20.4 Device properties ................................................................................................................................ 389
9.4.21 Service Accept (Iu mode only) ................................................................................................................. 389
9.4.21.1 PDP context status .............................................................................................................................. 390
9.4.21.2 MBMS context status .......................................................................................................................... 390
9.4.22 Service Reject (Iu mode only) .................................................................................................................. 390
9.4.22.1 T3346 value......................................................................................................................................... 390
9.5 GPRS Session Management Messages........................................................................................................... 390
9.5.1 Activate PDP context request ................................................................................................................... 390
9.5.1.1 Access point name............................................................................................................................... 391
9.5.1.2 Protocol configuration options ............................................................................................................ 391
9.5.1.3 Request type ........................................................................................................................................ 391
9.5.1.4 Device properties ................................................................................................................................ 391
9.5.2 Activate PDP context accept ..................................................................................................................... 391
9.5.2.1 PDP address ........................................................................................................................................ 392
9.5.2.2 Protocol configuration options ............................................................................................................ 392
9.5.2.3 Packet Flow Identifier ......................................................................................................................... 392
9.5.2.4 SM cause ............................................................................................................................................. 392
9.5.2.5 Connectivity type ................................................................................................................................ 392
9.5.3 Activate PDP context reject ...................................................................................................................... 393
9.5.3.1 Protocol configuration options ............................................................................................................ 393
9.5.3.2 T3396 value......................................................................................................................................... 393
9.5.4 Activate Secondary PDP Context Request ............................................................................................... 393
9.5.4.1 TFT ..................................................................................................................................................... 394
9.5.4.2 Protocol configuration options ............................................................................................................ 394
9.5.4.3 Device properties ................................................................................................................................ 394
9.5.5 Activate Secondary PDP Context Accept ................................................................................................. 394
9.5.5.1 Packet Flow Identifier ......................................................................................................................... 395
9.5.5.2 Protocol configuration options ............................................................................................................ 395
9.5.6 Activate Secondary PDP Context Reject .................................................................................................. 395
9.5.6.1 Protocol configuration options ............................................................................................................ 395
9.5.6.2 T3396 value......................................................................................................................................... 395
9.5.7 Request PDP context activation ................................................................................................................ 395
9.5.7.1 Protocol configuration options ............................................................................................................ 396
9.5.8 Request PDP context activation reject ...................................................................................................... 396
9.5.8.1 Protocol configuration options ............................................................................................................ 396
9.5.9 Modify PDP context request (Network to MS direction) ......................................................................... 396
9.5.9.1 PDP address ........................................................................................................................................ 397
9.5.9.2 Packet Flow Identifier ......................................................................................................................... 397
9.5.9.3 Protocol configuration options ............................................................................................................ 397
9.5.9.4 TFT ..................................................................................................................................................... 397
9.5.10 Modify PDP context request (MS to network direction) .......................................................................... 397
ETSI
ETSI TS 124 008 V11.11.0 (2014
-
07)
19
3GPP TS 24.008 version 11.
11.0 Release 11
9.5.10.1 Requested LLC SAPI .......................................................................................................................... 398
9.5.10.2 Requested new QoS ............................................................................................................................ 398
9.5.10.3 New TFT ............................................................................................................................................. 398
9.5.10.4 Protocol configuration options ............................................................................................................ 398
9.5.10.5 Device properties ................................................................................................................................ 398
9.5.11 Modify PDP context accept (MS to network direction) ............................................................................ 398
9.5.11.1 Protocol configuration options ............................................................................................................ 399
9.5.12 Modify PDP context accept (Network to MS direction) ........................................................................... 399
9.5.12.1 Negotiated QoS ................................................................................................................................... 399
9.5.12.2 Negotiated LLC SAPI ......................................................................................................................... 399
9.5.12.3 New radio priority ............................................................................................................................... 399
9.5.12.4 Packet Flow Identifier ......................................................................................................................... 400
9.5.12.5 Protocol configuration options ............................................................................................................ 400
9.5.13 Modify PDP Context Reject ..................................................................................................................... 400
9.5.13.1 Protocol configuration options ............................................................................................................ 400
9.5.13.2 T3396 value......................................................................................................................................... 400
9.5.14 Deactivate PDP context request ................................................................................................................ 400
9.5.14.1 Tear down indicator ............................................................................................................................ 401
9.5.14.2 Protocol configuration options ............................................................................................................ 401
9.5.14.3 MBMS protocol configuration options ............................................................................................... 401
9.5.14.4 T3396 value......................................................................................................................................... 401
9.5.15 Deactivate PDP context accept ................................................................................................................. 401
9.5.15.1 Protocol configuration options ............................................................................................................ 402
9.5.15.2 MBMS protocol configuration options ............................................................................................... 402
9.5.15a Request Secondary PDP Context Activation ............................................................................................ 402
9.5.15.1a TFT ..................................................................................................................................................... 403
9.5.15.2a Protocol configuration options ............................................................................................................ 403
9.5.15b Request Secondary PDP Context Activation Reject ................................................................................. 403
9.5.15.1b Protocol configuration options ............................................................................................................ 403
9.5.16 Void .......................................................................................................................................................... 403
9.5.16a Notification ............................................................................................................................................... 403
9.5.17 Void .......................................................................................................................................................... 404
9.5.18 Void .......................................................................................................................................................... 404
9.5.19 Void .......................................................................................................................................................... 404
9.5.20 Void .......................................................................................................................................................... 404
9.5.21 SM Status .................................................................................................................................................. 404
9.5.22 Activate MBMS Context Request ............................................................................................................ 404
9.5.22.1 MBMS protocol configuration options ............................................................................................... 405
9.5.22.2 Device properties ................................................................................................................................ 405
9.5.23 Activate MBMS Context Accept .............................................................................................................. 405
9.5.23.1 MBMS protocol configuration options ............................................................................................... 406
9.5.24 Activate MBMS Context Reject ............................................................................................................... 406
9.5.24.1 MBMS protocol configuration options ............................................................................................... 406
9.5.24.2 T3396 value......................................................................................................................................... 406
9.5.25 Request MBMS Context Activation ......................................................................................................... 406
9.5.25.1 Linked NSAPI ..................................................................................................................................... 407
9.5.25.2 MBMS protocol configuration options ............................................................................................... 407
9.5.26 Request MBMS Context Activation Reject .............................................................................................. 407
9.5.26.1 MBMS protocol configuration options ............................................................................................... 407
10 General message format and information elements coding.................................................................. 408
10.1 Overview ........................................................................................................................................................ 408
10.2 Protocol Discriminator ................................................................................................................................... 408
10.3 Skip indicator and transaction identifier ......................................................................................................... 408
10.3.1 Skip indicator ............................................................................................................................................ 408
10.3.2 Transaction identifier ................................................................................................................................ 410
10.4 Message Type ................................................................................................................................................. 410
10.5 Other information elements ............................................................................................................................ 413
10.5.1 Common information elements. ................................................................................................................ 414
10.5.1.1 Cell identity ......................................................................................................................................... 414
10.5.1.2 Ciphering Key Sequence Number ....................................................................................................... 415
10.5.1.3 Location Area Identification ............................................................................................................... 415
剩余681页未读,继续阅读
2018-01-19 上传
2018-10-24 上传
106 浏览量
点击了解资源详情
193 浏览量
2023-06-20 上传
2012-10-23 上传
工程师阿杜
- 粉丝: 698
- 资源: 9
上传资源 快速赚钱
- 我的内容管理 展开
- 我的资源 快来上传第一个资源
- 我的收益 登录查看自己的收益
- 我的积分 登录查看自己的积分
- 我的C币 登录后查看C币余额
- 我的收藏
- 我的下载
- 下载帮助
最新资源
- 单片机串口通信仿真与代码实现详解
- LVGL GUI-Guider工具:设计并仿真LVGL界面
- Unity3D魔幻风格游戏UI界面与按钮图标素材详解
- MFC VC++实现串口温度数据显示源代码分析
- JEE培训项目:jee-todolist深度解析
- 74LS138译码器在单片机应用中的实现方法
- Android平台的动物象棋游戏应用开发
- C++系统测试项目:毕业设计与课程实践指南
- WZYAVPlayer:一个适用于iOS的视频播放控件
- ASP实现校园学生信息在线管理系统设计与实践
- 使用node-webkit和AngularJS打造跨平台桌面应用
- C#实现递归绘制圆形的探索
- C++语言项目开发:烟花效果动画实现
- 高效子网掩码计算器:网络工具中的必备应用
- 用Django构建个人博客网站的学习之旅
- SpringBoot微服务搭建与Spring Cloud实践
安全验证
文档复制为VIP权益,开通VIP直接复制
信息提交成功