"微波工程基础：Collin的天线射频专业经典著作"

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and Propagation Society Series Steven B. Cohn, Series Editor Foundations for Microwave Engineering, Second Edition covers the fundamental principles and applications of microwave engineering. It is an essential resource for anyone working in the field, from students to seasoned professionals. The book is authored by Robert E. Collin, a renowned professor of electrical engineering at Case Western Reserve University. His expertise and experience in the field make this book a comprehensive and authoritative source of information. The second edition of Foundations for Microwave Engineering has been updated to reflect the latest developments in the field. It covers topics such as transmission lines, waveguides, and microwave network analysis, as well as microwave circuits and devices. One of the key strengths of this book is its clear and concise presentation of complex concepts. The author uses a step-by-step approach to explain the fundamentals of microwave engineering, making it accessible to readers at all levels of expertise. In addition to its thorough coverage of theoretical principles, Foundations for Microwave Engineering also includes practical examples and applications. This helps readers understand how these principles are applied in real-world scenarios, and encourages them to think critically and creatively about their own engineering challenges. The book is also accompanied by a wealth of supplementary materials, including problem sets, solutions, and MATLAB code. This allows readers to test their understanding of the material and gain hands-on experience with the tools and techniques used in microwave engineering. Whether you are a student looking to build a strong foundation in microwave engineering, or a professional seeking to expand your knowledge and skills, Foundations for Microwave Engineering is an invaluable resource. It is a must-read for anyone with a passion for the field.

xiv

CONTENTS

12.7 Mixers

Linear Mixer Operation

Nonlinear Mixer Operation

12.8 Mixer Noise Figure

12.9 Balanced Mixers

12.10 Other Types of Mixers

12.11

Mixer Analysis Using Harmonic Balancing

Problems

References

856

861

862

864

865

868

869

873

875

Appendixes

Useful Relations from Vector Analysis

1.1

Vector Algebra

1.2

Vector Operations in Common Coordinate Systems

Rectangular Coordinates

Cylindrical Coordinates

Spherical Coordinates

1.3 Vector Identities

1.4

Green’s Identities

876

877

878

879

880

Bessel Functions

11.1

Ordinary Bessel Functions

11.2

Modified Bessel Functions

References

I11

111.1

111.2

111.3

111.4

111.5

111.6

111.7

Conformal Mapping

Techniques

Conformal Mapping

Elliptic Sine Function

Capacitance between Two Parallel Strips

Strip Transmission Line

Conductor Loss

Conductor Losses for

Microstrip Transmission Line

Attenuation for

Coplanar Line

Physical Constants and Other Data

IV.

Physical Constants

IV.2 Conductivities of Materials

IV.3 Dielectric Constants of Materials

IV.4 Skin Depth in Copper

881

883

885

886

889

892

896

898

903

905

911

912

Index

913

INTRODUCTION

nents. In the frequency range from

up to

100

GHz,

lumped circuit

elements are usually replaced by transmission-line and waveguide compo-

nents. Thus by the term

microwave engineering

we shall mean generally

the engineering and design of information-handling systems in the fre-

quency range from

100

GHz

corresponding to wavelengths

long

cm and as short

mm. At shorter wavelengths we have what can

called optical engineering since many of the techniques used

are

derived

from classical optical techniques. The characteristic feature of microwave

engineering is the short wavelengths involved, these being of the same order

of magnitude as the circuit elements and devices employed.

The short wavelengths involved in turn mean that the propagation

time for electrical effects from one point in a circuit to another point is

comparable with the period of the oscillating currents and charges in the

system. As

result, conventional low-frequency circuit analysis based on

Kirchhoffs laws and voltage-current concepts no longer suffices for an

adequate description of the electrical phenomena taking place.

neces-

sary instead to carry out the analysis in terms of a description of the electric

and magnetic fields associated with the device. In essence, it might

said,

microwave engineering is applied electromagnetic fields engineering. For

this reason the successful engineer in this area must have a good working

knowledge of electromagnetic field theory.

There is

distinct frequency boundary

which lumped-parameter

circuit elements must be replaced by distributed circuit elements. With

modern technological processes it is possible to construct printed-circuit

inductors that

are

small that they retain their lumped-parameter charac-

teristics

frequencies as high

GHz

or even higher. Likewise, optical

components, such as parabolic reflectors and lenses, are used to focus

microwaves with wavelengths as long

m or more. Consequently, the

microwave engineer will frequently employ low-frequency lumped-parame-

ter circuit elements, such

miniaturized inductors and capacitors,

well

optical devices in the design of a microwave system.

1.2

MICROWAVE APPLICATIONS

The great interest in microwave frequencies arises for

variety of reasons.

Basic among these is the ever-increasing need for more radio-frequency-

spectrum space and the rather unique uses to which microwave frequencies

can be applied. When it is noted that the frequency range

lo9

10l2

contains

thousand sections like the frequency spectrum from

lo9

Hz,

the value of developing the microwave band

a means of increasing the

available usable frequency spectrum may be readily appreciated.

At one time (during World War

and shortly afterward), microwave

engineering was almost synonymous with radar (RAdio Detection And

Ranging) engineering because of the great stimulus given to the develop-

ment of microwave systems by the need for high-resolution radar capable of

FOUNDATIONS FOR MICROWAVE ENGINEERING

detecting and locating enemy planes and ships. Even today radar, in its

many varied forms, such

missile-tracking radar, fire-control radar,

weather-detecting radar, missile-guidance radar, airport traffic-control radar,

etc., represents a major use of microwave frequencies. This use

arises

predominantly from the need to have antennas that will radiate essentially

all the transmitter power into a narrow pencil-like beam similar to that

produced by

optical searchlight. The ability of an antenna to concentrate

radiation into a narrow beam

limited by diffraction effects, which in turn

are governed by the relative size of the radiating aperture in terms of

wavelengths. For example, a parabolic reflector-type antenna produces

pencil beam of radiated energy having an angular beam width of

140"/(D/A0), where

is the diameter of the parabola and

the

wavelength.

90-cm (about

ft)

parabola can thus produce

4.7" beam

frequency of 10" Hz, i.e., at a wavelength of

cm. A beam of this

type

can

give reasonably accurate position data for a target being observed by the

radar.

achieve comparable performance

frequency of 100

MHz

would

require

300-ft parabola,

size much too large to

carried aboard an

airplane.

In more recent years microwave frequencies have

also

come into

widespread use in communication links, generally referred to

microwave

links. Since the propagation of microwaves is effectively along line-of-sight

paths, these links employ high towers with reflector or lens-type antennas

as repeater stations spaced along the communication path. Such links are a

familiar sight to the motorist traveling across the country because of their

frequent use by highway authorities, utility companies, and television net-

works.

further interesting means of communication by microwaves is the

use of satellites as microwave relay stations. The

first

of these, the Telstar,

launched in July 1962, provided the first transmission of live television

programs from the United States to Europe.

Since that time a large number of satellites have been deployed for

communication purposes, as well

for surveillance and collecting data on

atmospheric and weather conditions. For direct television broadcasting the

most heavily used band is the

band. The up-link frequency used

in the

5.9- to 6.4-GHz band and the receive or down-link frequency band

between 3.7 and 4.2 GHz. For home reception an 8-ft-diameter parabolic

reflector antenna is commonly used.

second frequency band has

also

been

allocated for direct television broadcasting. For this second band the up-link

frequency is in the 14- to 14.5-GHz range and the down-link frequencies

are

between 10.95 and 11.2 GHz and 11.45 and 11.7

GHz.

In this band

receiving parabolic antenna with a

3-ft

diameter is adequate. At the present

time this frequency band is not being used to any great extent

the United

States. It is more widely used in Europe and Japan.

Terrestrial microwave links have been

used

for many years. The TD-2

system was put into service in 1948 as

part

of the Bell Network.

operated

in the

3.7-

to 4.2-GHZ band and had 480 voice circuits, each occupying

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