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首页IEEE 802.11a-2007标准详解:无线局域网MAC与PHY规范
IEEE 802.11a-2007标准详解:无线局域网MAC与PHY规范
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"IEEE std 802.11a-2007 是一个重要的无线局域网(WLAN)标准,由电气和电子工程师协会(IEEE)制定。该标准是 IEEE 802.11 系列标准的一个修订版,首次发布于1999年,并在2007年进行了更新。它定义了无线局域网的介质访问控制(MAC)层和物理层(PHY)规范,涵盖了信息科技、电信系统以及系统间的信息交换,特别是在本地和城域网络中的应用。
IEEE Std 802.11a 标准主要关注5GHz频段的无线通信,提供了比其早期版本,如802.11b,更高的数据传输速率,最高可达54Mbps。这一高速率的实现是通过采用正交频分复用(OFDM)技术来完成的,它将单个宽频信道划分为多个较窄的子信道,从而提高了数据传输效率和抵抗多径衰落的能力。
802.11a 标准支持多种传输速率,包括6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 和54Mbps,以适应不同的环境条件和设备能力。这些速率的选择使得网络能够自动调整以保持最佳连接质量。
在物理层,802.11a 规定了5GHz频段内的多个非重叠信道,这减少了相邻网络之间的干扰,提高了无线网络的容量。同时,它还定义了多种调制编码方案(MCS),以适应不同的信号质量和信噪比。
此标准不仅限于家庭或办公室环境,还适用于公共场所如机场、咖啡馆等的无线热点,提供无线互联网接入。然而,由于5GHz频段的穿透力相对较弱,802.11a 的覆盖范围通常小于使用2.4GHz频段的802.11b/g标准。
802.11a 标准与后来的802.11g和802.11n等标准共同构成了Wi-Fi技术的基础,推动了无线网络的普及和发展。尽管现在已经被更先进的标准如802.11ac和802.11ax(也称为Wi-Fi 5和Wi-Fi 6)所取代,但802.11a 对于理解无线通信的基本原理和技术发展历史仍具有重要价值。"
请注意,这个摘要主要是基于标题和描述的信息进行的扩展解释,并未包含具体内容的直接引用,因为原始内容主要是版权声明和出版信息,而非技术细节。
Copyright © 2007 IEEE. All rights reserved. xiii
7.3.2.14 Extended Supported Rates element ..................................................... 111
7.3.2.15 Power Constraint element.................................................................... 112
7.3.2.16 Power Capability element.................................................................... 112
7.3.2.17 TPC Request element........................................................................... 113
7.3.2.18 TPC Report element............................................................................. 113
7.3.2.19 Supported Channels element ............................................................... 114
7.3.2.20 Channel Switch Announcement element............................................. 114
7.3.2.21 Measurement Request element ............................................................ 115
7.3.2.22 Measurement Report element .............................................................. 118
7.3.2.23 Quiet element....................................................................................... 122
7.3.2.24 IBSS DFS element ............................................................................... 123
7.3.2.25 RSN information element .................................................................... 123
7.3.2.26 Vendor Specific information element.................................................. 128
7.3.2.27 Extended Capabilities information element......................................... 128
7.3.2.28 BSS Load element ............................................................................... 129
7.3.2.29 EDCA Parameter Set element.............................................................. 130
7.3.2.30 TSPEC element.................................................................................... 132
7.3.2.31 TCLAS element ................................................................................... 136
7.3.2.32 TS Delay element................................................................................. 138
7.3.2.33 TCLAS Processing element................................................................. 138
7.3.2.34 Schedule element ................................................................................. 139
7.3.2.35 QoS Capability element ....................................................................... 140
7.4 Action frame format details ..................................................................................................140
7.4.1 Spectrum management action details .................................................................... 140
7.4.1.1 Measurement Request frame format.................................................... 141
7.4.1.2 Measurement Report frame format...................................................... 141
7.4.1.3 TPC Request frame format .................................................................. 142
7.4.1.4 TPC Report frame format .................................................................... 142
7.4.1.5 Channel Switch Announcement frame format..................................... 143
7.4.2 QoS Action frame details....................................................................................... 143
7.4.2.1 ADDTS Request frame format ............................................................ 143
7.4.2.2 ADDTS Response frame format.......................................................... 144
7.4.2.3 DELTS frame format ........................................................................... 145
7.4.2.4 Schedule frame format......................................................................... 146
7.4.3 DLS Action frame details ...................................................................................... 146
7.4.3.1 DLS Request frame format .................................................................. 146
7.4.3.2 DLS Response frame format................................................................ 147
7.4.3.3 DLS Teardown frame format............................................................... 148
7.4.4 Block Ack Action frame details............................................................................. 149
7.4.4.1 ADDBA Request frame format ........................................................... 149
7.4.4.2 ADDBA Response frame format......................................................... 150
7.4.4.3 DELBA frame format .......................................................................... 150
7.4.5 Vendor-specific action details ............................................................................... 151
7.5 Frame usage .......................................................................................................................... 151
8. Security ............................................................................................................................................ 155
8.1 Framework ............................................................................................................................ 155
8.1.1 Security methods.................................................................................................... 155
8.1.2 RSNA equipment and RSNA capabilities ............................................................. 155
8.1.3 RSNA establishment.............................................................................................. 155
8.1.4 RSNA PeerKey Support ........................................................................................ 156
8.1.5 RSNA assumptions and constraints....................................................................... 157
8.2 Pre-RSNA security methods ................................................................................................. 157
This is a copyrighted IEEE Standard. For personal or standards development use only.
xiv Copyright © 2007 IEEE. All rights reserved.
8.2.1 Wired equivalent privacy (WEP)........................................................................... 158
8.2.1.1 WEP overview ..................................................................................... 158
8.2.1.2 WEP MPDU format............................................................................. 158
8.2.1.3 WEP state............................................................................................. 158
8.2.1.4 WEP procedures .................................................................................. 159
8.2.2 Pre-RSNA authentication ...................................................................................... 161
8.2.2.1 Overview.............................................................................................. 161
8.2.2.2 Open System authentication ................................................................ 161
8.2.2.3 Shared Key authentication ................................................................... 162
8.3 RSNA data confidentiality protocols .................................................................................... 165
8.3.1 Overview................................................................................................................ 165
8.3.2 Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP) .............................................................. 165
8.3.2.1 TKIP overview..................................................................................... 165
8.3.2.2 TKIP MPDU formats........................................................................... 168
8.3.2.3 TKIP MIC ............................................................................................ 169
8.3.2.4 TKIP countermeasures procedures ...................................................... 171
8.3.2.5 TKIP mixing function.......................................................................... 175
8.3.2.6 TKIP replay protection procedures...................................................... 179
8.3.3 CTR with CBC-MAC Protocol (CCMP)............................................................... 179
8.3.3.1 CCMP overview .................................................................................. 179
8.3.3.2 CCMP MPDU format .......................................................................... 180
8.3.3.3 CCMP cryptographic encapsulation .................................................... 181
8.3.3.4 CCMP decapsulation ........................................................................... 184
8.4 RSNA security association management .............................................................................. 185
8.4.1 Security associations.............................................................................................. 185
8.4.1.1 Security association definitions ........................................................... 185
8.4.1.2 Security association life cycle.............................................................. 187
8.4.2 RSNA selection...................................................................................................... 189
8.4.3 RSNA policy selection in an ESS.......................................................................... 189
8.4.3.1 TSN policy selection in an ESS........................................................... 190
8.4.4 RSNA policy selection in an IBSS ........................................................................ 190
8.4.4.1 TSN policy selection in an IBSS ......................................................... 191
8.4.5 RSN management of the IEEE 802.1X Controlled Port........................................ 191
8.4.6 RSNA authentication in an ESS ............................................................................ 192
8.4.6.1 Preauthentication and RSNA key management................................... 192
8.4.6.2 Cached PMKSAs and RSNA key management .................................. 193
8.4.7 RSNA authentication in an IBSS........................................................................... 193
8.4.8 RSNA key management in an ESS........................................................................ 195
8.4.9 RSNA key management in an IBSS ...................................................................... 195
8.4.10 RSNA security association termination................................................................. 196
8.5 Keys and key distribution ..................................................................................................... 196
8.5.1 Key hierarchy......................................................................................................... 196
8.5.1.1 PRF ...................................................................................................... 197
8.5.1.2 Pairwise key hierarchy......................................................................... 198
8.5.1.3 Group key hierarchy ............................................................................ 200
8.5.1.4 PeerKey key hierarchy......................................................................... 201
8.5.2 EAPOL-Key frames............................................................................................... 202
8.5.2.1 EAPOL-Key frame notation ................................................................ 210
8.5.3 4-Way Handshake.................................................................................................. 211
8.5.3.1 4-Way Handshake Message 1.............................................................. 211
8.5.3.2 4-Way Handshake Message 2.............................................................. 213
8.5.3.3 4-Way Handshake Message 3.............................................................. 214
8.5.3.4 4-Way Handshake Message 4.............................................................. 215
8.5.3.5 4-Way Handshake implementation considerations.............................. 216
This is a copyrighted IEEE Standard. For personal or standards development use only.
Copyright © 2007 IEEE. All rights reserved. xv
8.5.3.6 Sample 4-Way Handshake................................................................... 217
8.5.3.7 4-Way Handshake analysis.................................................................. 218
8.5.4 Group Key Handshake........................................................................................... 220
8.5.4.1 Group Key Handshake Message 1....................................................... 220
8.5.4.2 Group Key Handshake Message 2....................................................... 221
8.5.4.3 Group Key Handshake implementation considerations....................... 222
8.5.4.4 Sample Group Key Handshake............................................................ 222
8.5.5 RSNA Supplicant key management state machine................................................ 223
8.5.5.1 Supplicant state machine states............................................................ 223
8.5.5.2 Supplicant state machine variables ...................................................... 224
8.5.5.3 Supplicant state machine procedures................................................... 224
8.5.5.4 Supplicant PeerKey state machine states............................................. 227
8.5.5.5 Supplicant PeerKey state machine variables ....................................... 227
8.5.6 RSNA Authenticator key management state machine........................................... 229
8.5.6.1 Authenticator state machine states....................................................... 229
8.5.6.2 Authenticator state machine variables ................................................. 233
8.5.6.3 Authenticator state machine procedures .............................................. 234
8.5.7 Nonce generation ................................................................................................... 234
8.5.8 PeerKey Handshake............................................................................................... 235
8.5.8.1 SMK Handshake .................................................................................. 236
8.5.8.2 PeerKey setup and handshake error conditions ................................... 241
8.5.8.3 STKSA rekeying.................................................................................. 241
8.5.8.4 Error Reporting .................................................................................... 242
8.6 Mapping EAPOL keys to IEEE 802.11 keys........................................................................ 244
8.6.1 Mapping PTK to TKIP keys .................................................................................. 244
8.6.2 Mapping GTK to TKIP keys ................................................................................. 244
8.6.3 Mapping PTK to CCMP keys................................................................................ 244
8.6.4 Mapping GTK to CCMP keys ............................................................................... 244
8.6.5 Mapping GTK to WEP-40 keys............................................................................. 244
8.6.6 Mapping GTK to WEP-104 keys........................................................................... 244
8.7 Per-frame pseudo-code.......................................................................................................... 245
8.7.1 WEP frame pseudo-code ....................................................................................... 245
8.7.2 RSNA frame pseudo-code ..................................................................................... 246
8.7.2.1 Per-MSDU Tx pseudo-code................................................................. 246
8.7.2.2 Per-MPDU Tx pseudo-code................................................................. 247
8.7.2.3 Per-MPDU Rx pseudo-code ................................................................ 248
8.7.2.4 Per-MSDU Rx pseudo-code ................................................................ 249
9. MAC sublayer functional description.............................................................................................. 251
9.1 MAC architecture.................................................................................................................. 251
9.1.1 DCF........................................................................................................................251
9.1.2 PCF ........................................................................................................................252
9.1.3 Hybrid coordination function (HCF) ..................................................................... 252
9.1.3.1 HCF contention-based channel access (EDCA) .................................. 252
9.1.3.2 HCF controlled channel access (HCCA) ............................................. 254
9.1.4 Combined use of DCF, PCF, and HCF.................................................................. 254
9.1.5 Fragmentation/defragmentation overview............................................................. 255
9.1.6 MAC data service .................................................................................................. 255
9.2 DCF....................................................................................................................................... 256
9.2.1 CS mechanism ....................................................................................................... 257
9.2.2 MAC-Level acknowledgments .............................................................................. 257
9.2.3 IFS.......................................................................................................................... 258
9.2.3.1 SIFS ..................................................................................................... 258
This is a copyrighted IEEE Standard. For personal or standards development use only.
xvi Copyright © 2007 IEEE. All rights reserved.
9.2.3.2 PIFS ..................................................................................................... 259
9.2.3.3 DIFS..................................................................................................... 259
9.2.3.4 AIFS..................................................................................................... 259
9.2.3.5 EIFS ..................................................................................................... 259
9.2.4 Random backoff time............................................................................................. 260
9.2.5 DCF access procedure ........................................................................................... 261
9.2.5.1 Basic access ......................................................................................... 261
9.2.5.2 Backoff procedure for DCF ................................................................. 262
9.2.5.3 Recovery procedures and retransmit limits ......................................... 263
9.2.5.4 Setting and resetting the NAV ............................................................. 264
9.2.5.5 Control of the channel.......................................................................... 264
9.2.5.6 RTS/CTS usage with fragmentation .................................................... 266
9.2.5.7 CTS procedure ..................................................................................... 267
9.2.6 Individually addressed MPDU transfer procedure ................................................ 267
9.2.7 Broadcast and multicast MPDU transfer procedure .............................................. 268
9.2.8 ACK procedure ...................................................................................................... 268
9.2.9 Duplicate detection and recovery .......................................................................... 269
9.2.10 DCF timing relations ............................................................................................. 270
9.2.11 NAV distribution ................................................................................................... 271
9.2.12 Determination of PLME aCWmin characteristics ................................................. 271
9.3 PCF........................................................................................................................................ 271
9.3.1 CFP structure and timing ....................................................................................... 272
9.3.2 PCF access procedure ............................................................................................ 274
9.3.2.1 Fundamental access ............................................................................. 274
9.3.2.2 NAV operation during the CFP ........................................................... 274
9.3.3 PCF transfer procedure .......................................................................................... 275
9.3.3.1 PCF transfers when the PC STA is transmitter or recipient ................ 275
9.3.3.2 Operation with overlapping point-coordinated BSSs .......................... 277
9.3.3.3 CFPMaxDuration limit ........................................................................ 277
9.3.3.4 CF usage rules...................................................................................... 277
9.3.4 CF polling list ........................................................................................................ 278
9.3.4.1 Polling list processing.......................................................................... 278
9.3.4.2 Polling list update procedure ............................................................... 278
9.4 Fragmentation ....................................................................................................................... 279
9.5 Defragmentation.................................................................................................................... 279
9.6 Multirate support................................................................................................................... 280
9.6.1 Modulation classes................................................................................................. 281
9.7 MSDU transmission restrictions ........................................................................................... 282
9.8 Operation across regulatory domains.................................................................................... 282
9.8.1 Operation upon entering a regulatory domain ....................................................... 283
9.8.2 Support for FH PHYs ............................................................................................ 283
9.8.2.1 Determination of hopping patterns ...................................................... 283
9.9 HCF....................................................................................................................................... 286
9.9.1 HCF contention-based channel access (EDCA) .................................................... 286
9.9.1.1 Reference implementation ................................................................... 286
9.9.1.2 EDCA TXOPs...................................................................................... 287
9.9.1.3 Obtaining an EDCA TXOP ................................................................. 287
9.9.1.4 Multiple frame transmission in an EDCA TXOP................................ 289
9.9.1.5 EDCA backoff procedure .................................................................... 290
9.9.1.6 Retransmit procedures ......................................................................... 291
9.9.2 HCCA .................................................................................................................... 292
9.9.2.1 HCCA procedure ................................................................................. 292
9.9.2.2
TXOP structure and timing.................................................................. 295
9.9.2.3 HCCA transfer rules ............................................................................ 296
This is a copyrighted IEEE Standard. For personal or standards development use only.
Copyright © 2007 IEEE. All rights reserved. xvii
9.9.3 Admission Control at the HC................................................................................. 298
9.9.3.1 Contention-based admission control procedures ................................. 298
9.9.3.2 Controlled-access admission control ................................................... 300
9.10 Block Acknowledgment (Block Ack)................................................................................... 302
9.10.1 Introduction............................................................................................................ 302
9.10.2 Setup and modification of the Block Ack parameters ........................................... 303
9.10.3 Data and acknowledgment transfer........................................................................ 303
9.10.4 Receive buffer operation........................................................................................ 306
9.10.5 Teardown of the Block Ack mechanism................................................................ 306
9.11 No Acknowledgment (No Ack) ............................................................................................ 306
9.12 Frame exchange sequences ................................................................................................... 306
9.13 Protection mechanism for non-ERP receivers ...................................................................... 310
10. Layer management........................................................................................................................... 313
10.1 Overview of management model .......................................................................................... 313
10.2 Generic management primitives ........................................................................................... 314
10.3 MLME SAP interface ........................................................................................................... 314
10.3.1 Power management................................................................................................ 315
10.3.1.1 MLME-POWERMGT.request............................................................. 315
10.3.1.2 MLME-POWERMGT.confirm............................................................ 316
10.3.2 Scan........................................................................................................................ 317
10.3.2.1 MLME-SCAN.request......................................................................... 317
10.3.2.2 MLME-SCAN.confirm........................................................................ 318
10.3.3 Synchronization ..................................................................................................... 320
10.3.3.1 MLME-JOIN.request........................................................................... 320
10.3.3.2 MLME-JOIN.confirm.......................................................................... 321
10.3.4 Authenticate ........................................................................................................... 322
10.3.4.1 MLME-AUTHENTICATE.request..................................................... 322
10.3.4.2 MLME-AUTHENTICATE.confirm.................................................... 323
10.3.4.3 MLME-AUTHENTICATE.indication ................................................ 324
10.3.4.4 MLME-AUTHENTICATE.response .................................................. 325
10.3.5 Deauthenticate ....................................................................................................... 326
10.3.5.1 MLME-DEAUTHENTICATE.request................................................ 326
10.3.5.2 MLME-DEAUTHENTICATE.confirm .............................................. 327
10.3.5.3 MLME-DEAUTHENTICATE.indication ........................................... 328
10.3.6 Associate................................................................................................................ 329
10.3.6.1 MLME-ASSOCIATE.request.............................................................. 329
10.3.6.2 MLME-ASSOCIATE.confirm ............................................................ 330
10.3.6.3 MLME-ASSOCIATE.indication ......................................................... 331
10.3.6.4 MLME-ASSOCIATE.response ........................................................... 332
10.3.7 Reassociate............................................................................................................. 333
10.3.7.1 MLME-REASSOCIATE.request ........................................................ 333
10.3.7.2 MLME-REASSOCIATE.confirm ....................................................... 334
10.3.7.3 MLME-REASSOCIATE.indication.................................................... 335
10.3.7.4 MLME-REASSOCIATE.response...................................................... 336
10.3.8 Disassociate ........................................................................................................... 337
10.3.8.1 MLME-DISASSOCIATE.request ....................................................... 337
10.3.8.2 MLME-DISASSOCIATE.confirm ...................................................... 338
10.3.8.3 MLME-DISASSOCIATE.indication................................................... 339
10.3.9 Reset....................................................................................................................... 340
10.3.9.1 MLME-RESET.request ....................................................................... 340
10.3.9.2 MLME-RESET.confirm ...................................................................... 341
10.3.10 Start........................................................................................................................ 342
This is a copyrighted IEEE Standard. For personal or standards development use only.
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