Mac平台Cocoa编程入门指南

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“Learn Cocoa on the Mac”是一本由Apress出版社出版的Cocoa编程指南，适合初学者入门，是学习构建Mac应用的首选教程。在深入探讨“Learn Cocoa on the Mac”的内容之前，我们先来了解一下Cocoa。Cocoa是Apple开发的一个用于创建Mac OS X应用程序的框架集合。它包括Objective-C类库、开发工具和编程接口，让开发者能够高效地构建功能丰富的原生Mac应用。Cocoa框架包含两个主要部分：Cocoa Touch（用于iOS设备）和Cocoa（针对Mac平台）。本书“Learn Cocoa on the Mac”由Jack Nutting和Peter Clark共同编写，旨在帮助读者掌握Cocoa编程基础。以下是该书可能涵盖的一些关键知识点： 1. **Objective-C基础知识**：Cocoa框架基于Objective-C，因此学习Cocoa的第一步是理解这门面向对象的语言。这可能包括类、对象、消息传递、继承、协议和分类等概念。 2. **Cocoa核心组件**：书中可能会详细介绍Cocoa的基石，如Foundation框架和AppKit框架，它们提供了许多基本的数据类型、集合类和系统服务。 3. **Model-View-Controller (MVC)**：Cocoa遵循MVC设计模式，这是软件工程中一种常见的架构模式，用于分离数据模型、用户界面和控制逻辑。书会解释如何在Cocoa中实现MVC。 4. **Interface Builder**：Apple的Interface Builder是一个可视化的工具，允许开发者拖放UI元素并连接到代码。书中会介绍如何使用Interface Builder创建和配置用户界面。 5. **事件处理和响应者链**：Cocoa中的事件处理通过响应者链进行，书会教授如何设置和处理各种用户事件，如鼠标点击和键盘输入。 6. **Auto Layout和Size Classes**：这些是用于布局和适配不同屏幕尺寸的机制，确保应用在不同Mac设备上表现良好。 7. **Core Data**：Apple的持久化框架，用于管理应用程序的数据模型。书中会讲述如何使用Core Data存储和检索数据。 8. **Cocoa Bindings**：这是一种简化数据绑定的技术，使得视图和模型之间的同步变得更加容易。 9. **Testing and Debugging**：书中会讨论Xcode的测试工具和调试器，以及如何有效地测试和调试Cocoa应用。 10. **App Distribution and App Store**：最后，书可能还会介绍如何打包、签名和分发应用，以及如何通过Mac App Store提交和发布应用。 “Learn Cocoa on the Mac”是一本全面的教程，涵盖了从入门到高级的Cocoa开发知识，对于任何想要进入Mac应用开发领域的程序员来说，都是一个宝贵的资源。通过学习这本书，读者将能够利用Cocoa的强大功能，创建出功能强大且用户友好的Mac应用。

xvii

Preface

I ﬁrst encountered Cocoa as a college student in about 1989. Of course, that was before the iPhone,

before Mac OS X, and before it was even called Cocoa. Back then, the seed of today’s Cocoa was a

part of NeXTStep, the OS that was the core of the NeXT computers. NeXTStep was years ahead of

its time, and while the lab full of NeXT workstations was woefully underused in the computer science

courses, my student sysadmin job had me using them daily. As a user, I was hooked. I won’t dwell

on the NeXT user experience here, but I’ll just state that many of the best features of Mac OS X

come not so much from the Mac of old as from NeXTStep.

At that time, there was no www, not much of a NeXTStep developer community, and very little

written about the development environment apart from the impenetrable tomes that NeXT shipped

with its earliest machines. I tried to wrap my head around Objective-C and the AppKit from time to

time, but without any nearby experts or much example code to look at (not to mention my actual

studies, which sometimes distracted me from playing with fun projects), I was basically stumped.

After college, something completely unexpected happened. A friend pointed me in the direction of a

consulting ﬁrm in my city that was building custom NeXTStep apps for some pretty big customers,

and I had the good fortune to come onboard. Suddenly, I had a group of colleagues who had not

only been programming in NeXTStep for a while, some of them had even worked at NeXT! And one

of them was Peter Clark. All it took was a bit of their expert help to get me started, and the things

that had seemed so mysterious for years suddenly made sense. Within a few weeks I learned so

much that I was able to start leading some training and mentoring efforts in NeXTStep development.

The point here isn’t that I’m a genius or a quick study. It’s that the set of technologies we now call

Cocoa is really powerful—and quite easy to learn and put to good use—but you’re likely to need

some help along the way. I’m hoping that this book will help nudge you in the right direction and

help you learn the essence of Cocoa programming, so that by the time you’re ﬁnished reading it,

you’ll have enough knowledge of Cocoa to be able to propel yourself forward and write the Mac

applications of your dreams. In short, the kind of book I wish I’d been able to ﬁnd 20 years ago.

—Jack Nutting

xxiii

Acknowledgments

There are many people to thank when getting a book from concept to the paper (or e-book) that

you’re reading. There’s a lot to be done besides just getting words and code snippets into a text

editor. Douglas Pundick and Jill Balzano at Apress have helped keep many of those things on track,

out of sight from the authors. Of course, keeping the authors on track is also important, and we

kept them busy at that too. Nick Waynik, our technical reviewer, caught many small (and some

not-so-small) details with both the code and the prose, and always had a good reason for suggesting

a change. Mary Behr, our copyeditor, did a wonderful job of tightening our prose, polishing our

grammar, and making sure that what you’re reading hangs together cleanly. In her hands, many an

awkward sentence got refactored into something better.

We’d like to thank the developers at Apple for producing tools worth writing about. The writer

at www.swampfoetus.net did a great writeup for readers of the ﬁrst edition about the changes in

Xcode 4 dealing with Core Data using the MythicalPerson sample app from the ﬁrst edition, and

I want to thank him for caring enough to write that and make it public. The other authors of the ﬁrst

edition, David Mark and Jeff LaMarche, left us with a solid foundation upon which to build. Thanks,

gentlemen! We’re sure we’re missing plenty of people who richly deserve to be thanked for making

this book good. The blame for the remaining bad parts rests solely with the authors.

Much of the writing was done at Shish Café and at Kopplin’s Coffee in Saint Paul, Minnesota.

If you want good tasting coffee, you won’t ﬁnd better than at Kopplin’s. Lastly, and most importantly,

Peter wants to thank his wife, Molly McBeath, and kids Laurel and Béa, and Jack wants to thank

his wife, Weronica Meijer, and kids Henrietta and Dorotea. They’ve been very supportive of the time

commitment it takes to write a book and it wouldn’t have happened without their help. Peter and

Jack dedicate this book to our families.

Chapter 1

Must Love Cocoa

Welcome! You must be here because you want to write programs for your Mac. Well, you’ve

definitely come to the right place. (Here for Pilates? Third door down, on the right.) By the time you

finish this book, you’ll know everything you need to know to create fast, efficient, good-looking

Mac OS X applications.

The key to creating a modern Mac application is Cocoa. According to Apple, Cocoa is a set of

object-oriented frameworks that provide a runtime environment for Mac OS X applications. As

you make your way through this book, you’ll learn all about the Cocoa frameworks and runtime

environment. For the moment, think of Cocoa as a programmer’s assistant that takes care of much

of the housekeeping that goes along with Mac development. Almost every common task performed

by a Mac application, from drawing a window to blinking the cursor in a text field, is handled for you

when you write programs using Cocoa, freeing you up to concentrate on the code that makes your

application unique.

Cocoa provides a class for just about every one of your development needs. There are Cocoa

classes for each piece of the Mac OS X user interface, from windows to menus, scrollbars to

buttons, images to icons. If you can think of a user interface element you’d like to add to your own

application, chances are very good that element is already implemented as a Cocoa class.

Another benefit of using Cocoa is that it is tightly integrated with Mac OS X. Build your application

using Cocoa, and your application will play well with others and will interface seamlessly with Mac

OS X elements like the Finder and the Dock.

WHEN IS 25 YEARS NOT 25 YEARS?

Cocoa has been around in one form or another since 1986. The technologies that we call Cocoa evolved from the

NeXTStep AppKit, the application building tools developed for the NeXT platform. When Apple bought NeXT in 1996, they

began building a new version of the Mac OS, what we now know as OS X, basing much of the new operating system on

technologies acquired from NeXT.

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小猪john

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