ST7 8-BIT MCU技术指南：针对学生与工程师的全面解读

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"《ST7 8-BIT MCU家族用户指南》是一本针对ST7微控制器用户的实用技术手册，旨在提供深入且全面的信息，以便不同层次的读者可以根据自身需求进行学习和应用。该书适合以下三类人群： 1. 对于学生或者初学者，特别是那些有一定逻辑电路基础但对微处理器不熟悉的读者，可以从第1章到第3章开始阅读。这些章节将介绍微处理器的基本概念、工作原理以及入门级编程知识，帮助他们建立起对8位微控制器ST7的基础认识。 2. 对于已经具备专业电子工程背景，希望深入了解ST7及其C语言编程的工程师，可以跳过前面的基础章节，直接进入第4章。在这里，他们会找到关于硬件特性和高级编程技巧的详细介绍，包括寄存器操作、中断处理、内存管理等，以提升在实际项目中的编程能力。 3. 针对熟悉ST7的设计师，特别是需要深入理解如何利用内部外设并使用C语言编程的专业人员，第5章及后面的章节如第8至第10章提供了关键的应用描述和技术指导。这些章节详细讨论了如何设计和实现系统，包括外部接口控制、定时器、A/D转换器等内部功能的使用方法，有助于他们在设计项目中更有效地集成和优化ST7。此外，书中还强调了安全性和合规性问题，特别指出在涉及生命支持设备或系统时，必须获得STMicroelectronics的明确授权，并且明确了微控制器作为关键组件可能带来的风险和责任。通过阅读本书，无论是新手还是资深工程师，都能在ST7 8-BIT MCU的使用上取得显著的进步，提升他们的设计和开发技能。"

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1 - Introduction

01-anal

Such peripherals are typically available in many families. This example shows how two periph-

erals properly selected can drastically reduce the component count and thus the printed circuit

area. The solution shown may or may not fit the needs, but it is difficult to imagine a simpler

design.

+5v

Analog input

GND

Micro

controller

Array of

resistors

C urrent

generator

A nalog keyboard

Analog display

Push pull

o u tp u t w ith

PW M signal

Exam ple of sim plified circuitry using a m icrocontroller

17/315

1 - Introduction

1.4.2 Choice of microcontroller model

The selected model of microcontroller must meet the requirements in terms of computational

power. It must be able to handle the input-outputs, process the data in the required amount of

time, and have enough memory to store both the program and the data.

An application is made of both hardware and software. So, there is a trade-off between the

processing done by hardware and that done by software. Using dumb peripherals requires

more computational power from the core; using sophisticated peripherals relieves the core

from time-consuming calculations and thus allows a less powerful core to be chosen.

Determining the computational power is a difficult matter since there is no internationally rec-

ognized measurement unit that expresses the speed of a microprocessor or similar device.

Some benchmarks that compare several products in the same application are available from

various sources, but they only give an idea of the relative capability of one product versus an-

other one.

Thus a certain margin must be considered, or there would be a risk that some time in the de-

velopment process that one comes to the conclusion that the selected microcontroller is un-

suitable for the application. This event would have serious consequences, as costly tools may

have been invested to develop the application, not to mention the delay in the product availa-

bility with its commercial consequences.

Also, even if a microcontroller is suited to the product as it is first commercialized, this product

may undergo changes during its commercial life. As a general rule, changes are always addi-

tions, never removals. If the chosen microcontroller matches current needs too closely in

terms of capability, there is a risk that it could prevent the product from evolving to meet future

needs. This could make the product become obsolete sooner than expected.

To summarize, it is difficult to tell in advance whether a microcontroller will fit an application.

As a result, it is current practice to select a model with excess power in order to guarantee suc-

cessful performance initially, and also to allow for product updates.

1.4.3 Choice of development tools

Once the needed power has been determined, one must investigate the development tools

available for the applicable products. The first step is to compare their prices; but this is not the

consideration that will determine the choice.

The real issue is how the tools will help writing the software, test it, and pinpoint its flaws. The

hourly cost of a software engineer, who spends more time on software development because

of the lack of efficiency of the tools, easily outweighs any savings that could have been made

when investing in them.

Development tools include all that is needed to write the program, either in assembly language

or in high level language, then translate it into machine language and load it into the program

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2 - How does a typical microcontroller work?

2.1 THE CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

What is the Central Processing Unit (CPU)?

It is made up of the core, and auxiliary blocks like the clock generator, the reset circuitry, etc.

The CPU of a microcontroller is the actual programmed logic circuitry that is the heart of the

application based around the microcontroller. It is where all computation and decision-making

takes place. The CPU acts on data received from the outside world through the peripherals;

this data is processed in a predetermined way to produce more data that will act on the the

outside world.

The CPU is the part of a microcontroller that corresponds to what is usually called a micro-

processor. A microprocessor contains only the computing logic; it must be surrounded with

devices like memory and input-output interfaces. A microcontroller bundles all these in a

single chip. For simple projects, this allows an application to be built with just one chip plus a

few components. This has been made possible by progress in the scale of integration that al-

lows powerful chips to be manufactured at a relatively low cost. This has opened up a new and

very wide application field: bringing the capabilities of a computer to even the cheapest appli-

ances. For example, nowadays home audio systems incorporate a radio receiver, a CD

player, two cassette decks and an amplifier and speakers; all controlled by a common control

panel with a large display that shows the FM frequency, or the CD track number and elapsed

time, etc. Here, a single microcontroller performs the overall control, displays the data, re-

sponds to the keys that are pressed by the user to select the required radio channel, CD track,

etc.

The word data, that is so commonly used, must be understood here in the widest sense.

Though we may first think of data as numbers, data are not only numbers; they may be a wide

range of objects like binary values (the state of an on/off switch), the voltage at a terminal (the

wiper of a potentiometer), a character string (a piece of text), and many other things. The fact

that data is thought of as numbers just comes from the fact that we are discussing machines

based on binary signals. Virtually all the data processors in the world only process binary

digits. These binary digits (bits) are always grouped in packs of variable lengths that are proc-

essed in parallel, thus multiplying the processor throughput by the number of these bits proc-

essed at the same time.

The first microprocessors, historically, were four-bit machines. There are still four-bit micro-

controllers sold today for simple applications like telephones, washing machines, and others

requiring little processing power.

In the sense that is given to this word today, a microprocessor is at least a 8-bit wide machine.

The market is shared between machines of several types, with their power increasing along

with the number of bits they can process in parallel. The following table gives an overview of

the main classes of microprocessors today.

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