深入理解C++对象模型

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"《Inside the C++ Object Model》是Addison Wesley出版社的一部经典著作,专为深入理解C++对象模型的读者而准备。这本书深入探讨了支持C++面向对象编程的各种底层机制,包括构造函数的语义、临时对象的生成、封装的支持、继承以及‘虚’的概念——虚拟函数和虚拟继承。作者Lippman通过揭示关于C++开销和复杂性的一些误解和神话,帮助开发者更高效、更有信心地编写代码,同时指出了一些隐藏的成本和权衡。他还阐述了各种实现模型的起源,预测了它们可能的发展方向,并解释了为何会形成当前的模型。本书详细探讨了C++对象模型的语义含义,以及这个模型如何影响你的程序设计。" 在这本书中,作者深入剖析了以下几个关键知识点: 1. 构造函数的语义:构造函数在C++中是初始化对象的重要工具,它们在对象创建时被调用,确保对象以正确状态开始其生命周期。Lippman会详细讨论构造函数的工作原理,包括成员初始化列表、构造函数的链调用以及构造函数的异常处理。 2. 临时对象的生成:临时对象在表达式中产生,用于临时存储计算结果。理解它们的生命周期和销毁规则对于优化代码性能至关重要。Lippman会解释何时以及如何生成临时对象,以及如何避免不必要的临时对象拷贝。 3. 封装的支持:封装是面向对象编程的基础,C++通过访问控制(public, protected, private)来实现。Lippman将解释这些访问修饰符如何影响对象的行为,以及如何通过封装来保护数据的安全性和实现信息隐藏。 4. 继承:继承允许类之间共享属性和行为,是实现代码重用的关键机制。Lippman会讨论单继承和多继承的实现细节,以及继承带来的二义性问题和解决策略。 5. 虚函数和虚继承:虚拟函数使得动态绑定成为可能,增强了多态性。虚拟继承则解决了多继承时的“菱形问题”。Lippman会深入分析这两者的内存布局和运行时行为,以及它们对性能的影响。 6. 程序转换和性能影响:C++的对象模型对编译器生成的机器代码有直接影响。Lippman会探讨这些转换如何影响程序的执行效率,包括函数调用的开销、虚函数表的使用等。 7. C++对象模型的历史与未来:作者回顾了C++对象模型的发展历程,并对其未来可能的变化进行预测,帮助读者理解语言演进的背景和趋势。 通过阅读《Inside the C++ Object Model》,开发者可以更深入地理解C++的内部工作原理,从而编写出更高效、更健壮的代码,同时也能更好地应对潜在的性能挑战和设计决策。这本书对于任何希望提升C++编程技能的人来说都是宝贵的资源。

帮我写出以下java代码:Add a class Bubble that extends Shape. The Bubble class has an instance variable called radius of type double that represents the radius of the bubble. The constructor of the Bubble class takes an x and a y as arguments, which represent the position of the new bubble. The radius of a new bubble is always 10 and never changes after that. The isVisible method indicates whether the bubble is currently visible inside a window of width w and height h (position (0, 0) is in the upper-left corner of the window). The bubble is considered visible if at least one pixel of the bubble is visible. Therefore a bubble might be visible even when its center is outside the window, as long as the edge of the bubble is still visible inside the window. The code of the isVisible method is a little bit complex, mostly because of the case where the center of the circle is just outside one of the corners of the window. So here is the code of the isVisible method, which you can directly copy-paste into your assignment: // Find the point (wx, wy) inside the window which is closest to the // center (x, y) of the circle. In other words, find the wx in the // interval [0, w - 1] which is closest to x, and find the wy in the // interval [0, h - 1] which is closest to y. // If the distance between (wx, wy) and (x, y) is less than the radius // of the circle (using Pythagoras's theorem) then at least part of // the circle is visible in the window. // Note: if the center of the circle is inside the window, then (wx, wy) // is the same as (x, y), and the distance is 0. public boolean isVisible(int w, int h) { double x = getX(); double y = getY(); double wx = (x < 0 ? 0 : (x > w - 1 ? w - 1 : x)); double wy = (y < 0 ? 0 : (y > h - 1 ? h - 1 : y)); double dx = wx - x; double dy = wy - y; return dx * dx + dy * dy <= radius * radius; } The isIn method indicates whether the point at coordinates (x, y) (which are the arguments of the method) is currently inside the bubble or not. The edge of the bubble counts as being inside of the bubble. HINT: use Pythagoras's theorem to compute the distance from the center of the bubble to the point (x, y). The draw method uses the graphics object g to draw the bubble. HINT: remember that the color of the graphics object g is changed in the draw method of the superclass of Bubble. Also add a testBubble method to test all your methods (including inherited methods, but excluding the isVisible method, which I provide, and excluding the draw method since it requires as argument a graphics object g that you

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