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首页Oracle8i/9i数据库基础:SQL*PLUS与SQL命令详解
Oracle8i/9i数据库基础:SQL*PLUS与SQL命令详解
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更新于2024-07-27
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"这篇文档是关于SQL及SQLPLUS命令的参考材料,主要针对Oracle8i/9i数据库,包含了数据库基础和PL/SQL程序设计的知识。文档作者旨在提供简洁全面的内容,包括实际应用示例和一些实用技巧。文档分为两大部分,第一部分是Oracle SQL*PLUS基础,讲解了关系数据库系统的基本概念,如关系模型和Codd的十二法则,并介绍了SQL、SQL*PLUS和PL/SQL的区别与联系。第二部分涉及PL/SQL,适合数据库管理员、开发人员和系统分析师学习。文档还提供了登录SQL*PLUS的方法以及一些常用的SQL*PLUS附加命令的简介。"
此资源详细阐述了Oracle数据库的基础知识,特别是对于SQL*PLUS的使用。SQL*PLUS是Oracle数据库的一个交互式命令行工具,用户可以用来执行SQL查询、管理数据库对象以及运行PL/SQL块。文档中提到SQL是结构化查询语言,用于操作和管理数据库,而SQL*PLUS是其扩展,增加了更多管理和控制功能。PL/SQL是Oracle特有的过程编程语言,结合了SQL和传统的过程式编程特性,用于创建复杂的数据库应用程序。
文档首先讲解了关系数据库系统的核心概念,如关系模型,它是数据库设计的基础,由Codd的十二法则定义了关系数据库的规范。接着,介绍了数据库系统的构成,包括内核和数据字典,后者存储有关数据库结构和元数据的信息。
在SQL和SQL*PLUS的区别部分,强调了SQL主要用于查询和数据操作,而SQL*PLUS提供了更多的交互式工具,如脚本执行、格式化输出和数据库管理命令。PL/SQL则允许编写存储过程、函数和触发器等复杂逻辑,增强了数据库的功能。
文档还涵盖了如何在不同操作系统环境下登录SQL*PLUS,以及一些常用的SQL*PLUS附加命令,如用于退出会话的 EXIT 命令,这些命令对于日常数据库管理至关重要。
整体来看,这个文档是Oracle数据库管理和开发人员的宝贵参考资料,提供了从基础知识到实践技巧的全面指南,有助于提高工作效率和理解数据库操作。
16
COMMENT............................................................................................................................491
COMMIT................................................................................................................................492
COMPUTE .............................................................................................................................492
CONCAT ................................................................................................................................493
CONCATENATE....................................................................................................................493
CONNECT BY.......................................................................................................................494
CONVERT..............................................................................................................................494
COPY......................................................................................................................................495
COS.........................................................................................................................................496
COSH......................................................................................................................................496
COUNT...................................................................................................................................497
CREATE CLUSTER...............................................................................................................497
CREATE CONTROLFILE .....................................................................................................498
CREATE DATABASE............................................................................................................499
CREATE DATABASE LINK .................................................................................................500
CREATE PROFILE ................................................................................................................500
CREATE DIRECTORY..........................................................................................................501
CREATE FUNCTION ............................................................................................................501
CREATE INDEX....................................................................................................................502
CREATE LIBRARY...............................................................................................................503
CREATE PACKAGE..............................................................................................................503
CREATE PACKAGE BODY..................................................................................................504
CREATE PROCEDURE.........................................................................................................506
CREATE ROLE......................................................................................................................507
CREATE ROLLBACK SEGMENT.......................................................................................507
CREATE SCHEMA................................................................................................................508
CREATE SEQUENCE............................................................................................................509
CREATE SNAPSHOT............................................................................................................509
CREATE SNAPSHOT LOG...................................................................................................510
CREATE SYNONYM ............................................................................................................511
CREATE TABLE....................................................................................................................511
CREATE TABLESPACE........................................................................................................513
CREATE TRIGGER ...............................................................................................................514
CREATE TYPE ......................................................................................................................515
CREATE TYPE BODY ..........................................................................................................516
CREATE USER ......................................................................................................................516
CREATE VIEW......................................................................................................................517
CURRVAL ..............................................................................................................................518
CURSOR_ALREADY_OPEN...............................................................................................518
DATATYPE.............................................................................................................................519
DATATYPE —CHAR.............................................................................................................519
DATATYPE —DATE .............................................................................................................520
DATATYPE —FLOAT ...........................................................................................................520
DATATYPE —LONG.............................................................................................................520
17
DATATYPE —LONGRAW....................................................................................................521
DATATYPE —MLSLABEL...................................................................................................521
DATATYPE —NUMBER.......................................................................................................521
DATATYPE —RAW...............................................................................................................522
DATATYPE —ROWID ..........................................................................................................522
DATATYPE —VARCHAR.....................................................................................................522
DATATYPE —VARCHAR2...................................................................................................522
DECLARE..............................................................................................................................523
DECODE ................................................................................................................................523
DEFINE ..................................................................................................................................524
DEL.........................................................................................................................................524
DELETE .................................................................................................................................525
DEREF....................................................................................................................................526
DESCRIBE.............................................................................................................................526
DROP CLUSTER ...................................................................................................................527
DROP DATABASE LINK......................................................................................................527
DROP DIRECTORY ..............................................................................................................528
DROP FUNCTION.................................................................................................................528
DROP INDEX.........................................................................................................................528
DROP LIBRARY....................................................................................................................529
DROP PACKAGE ..................................................................................................................529
DROP PROCEDURE .............................................................................................................530
DROP PROFILE.....................................................................................................................530
DROP ROLE...........................................................................................................................531
DROP ROLLBACK SEGMENT............................................................................................531
DROP SEQUENCE................................................................................................................532
DROP SNAPSHOT ................................................................................................................532
DROP SNAPSHOT LOG .......................................................................................................532
DROP SYNONYM.................................................................................................................533
DROP TABLE ........................................................................................................................533
DROP TABLESPACE ............................................................................................................534
DROP TRIGGER....................................................................................................................534
DROP TYPE...........................................................................................................................535
DROP TYPE BODY...............................................................................................................535
DROP USER...........................................................................................................................536
DROP VIEW...........................................................................................................................536
DUMP.....................................................................................................................................537
DUP_VAL_ON_INDEX.........................................................................................................537
EDIT .......................................................................................................................................538
EMPTY_BLOB ......................................................................................................................538
EMPTY_CLOB ......................................................................................................................539
EXCEPTION INIT Pragma ....................................................................................................539
EXECUTE ..............................................................................................................................540
EXISTS...................................................................................................................................540
18
EXIT .......................................................................................................................................541
EXIT .......................................................................................................................................542
EXIT-WHEN ..........................................................................................................................542
EXP.........................................................................................................................................543
EXPLAIN PLAN....................................................................................................................543
FETCH....................................................................................................................................544
FLOOR ...................................................................................................................................545
FOR-LOOP.............................................................................................................................545
FORMAT ................................................................................................................................546
FORMAT —DATE .................................................................................................................546
FORMAT —NUMBER ..........................................................................................................547
GET.........................................................................................................................................547
GLB ........................................................................................................................................548
GOTO .....................................................................................................................................548
GRANT...................................................................................................................................549
GREATEST ............................................................................................................................550
GREATEST_LB .....................................................................................................................550
HEXTORAW..........................................................................................................................551
HOST......................................................................................................................................551
IF-THEN.................................................................................................................................552
IF-THEN-ELSE......................................................................................................................552
IF-THEN-ELSEIF...................................................................................................................553
INITCAP.................................................................................................................................554
INPUT.....................................................................................................................................554
INSERT...................................................................................................................................555
INSTR.....................................................................................................................................555
INSTRB ..................................................................................................................................556
INTERSECT...........................................................................................................................557
INVALID_CURSOR ..............................................................................................................557
INVALID_NUMBER .............................................................................................................558
KEYWORDS..........................................................................................................................559
LABELS .................................................................................................................................560
LAST_DAY ............................................................................................................................561
LEAST....................................................................................................................................561
LEAST_LB.............................................................................................................................562
LENGTH ................................................................................................................................562
LENGTHB..............................................................................................................................562
LIKE .......................................................................................................................................563
LIST........................................................................................................................................564
LN...........................................................................................................................................565
LOCK TABLE........................................................................................................................565
LOG ........................................................................................................................................566
LOGIN_DENIED ...................................................................................................................566
LOOP......................................................................................................................................567
19
LOWER ..................................................................................................................................568
LPAD ......................................................................................................................................568
LTRIM ....................................................................................................................................569
LUB ........................................................................................................................................569
MAKE_REF ...........................................................................................................................570
MAX.......................................................................................................................................570
MIN.........................................................................................................................................571
MINUS....................................................................................................................................571
MOD.......................................................................................................................................572
MONTHS_BETWEEN...........................................................................................................572
NEW_TIME............................................................................................................................573
NEXT_DAY............................................................................................................................574
NEXTVAL..............................................................................................................................574
NLS_CHARSET_DECL_LEN...............................................................................................575
NLS_CHARSET_ID...............................................................................................................575
NLS_CHARSET_NAME.......................................................................................................576
NLS_INITCAP .......................................................................................................................576
NLS_LOWER.........................................................................................................................577
NLS_UPPER ..........................................................................................................................577
NO_DATA_FOUND...............................................................................................................578
NOAUDIT ..............................................................................................................................579
NOT_LOGGED_ON..............................................................................................................579
NULL......................................................................................................................................580
NVL ........................................................................................................................................581
OPEN......................................................................................................................................581
OPEN-FOR.............................................................................................................................582
运算符 ....................................................................................................................................582
运算符— < >..........................................................................................................................583
运算符—> ..............................................................................................................................583
运算符—> =...........................................................................................................................584
运算符—! =............................................................................................................................584
运算符—* ..............................................................................................................................585
运算符—+ ..............................................................................................................................586
运算符—-*.............................................................................................................................586
运算符—/ ...............................................................................................................................587
运算符—<=............................................................................................................................587
运算符—= ..............................................................................................................................588
运算符—AND........................................................................................................................589
运算符—BETWEEN .............................................................................................................589
运算符—IN ............................................................................................................................590
运算符—IS NOT NULL ........................................................................................................590
运算符—IS NULL .................................................................................................................591
运算符—NOT ........................................................................................................................591
运算符—NOT BETWEEN ....................................................................................................592
20
运算符—NOT IN...................................................................................................................592
运算符—OR...........................................................................................................................593
PRIOR.....................................................................................................................................593
PROGRAM_ERROR .............................................................................................................594
PROMPT ................................................................................................................................595
PSEUDOCOLUMN................................................................................................................595
RAISE.....................................................................................................................................595
RAWTOHEX..........................................................................................................................596
RECORD ................................................................................................................................596
REFTOHEX............................................................................................................................597
REMARK ...............................................................................................................................598
RENAME................................................................................................................................598
REPFOOTER..........................................................................................................................599
REPHEADER.........................................................................................................................599
REPLACE...............................................................................................................................600
REPLACE...............................................................................................................................601
RETURN ................................................................................................................................601
REVOKE ................................................................................................................................602
ROLLBACK...........................................................................................................................603
ROUND ..................................................................................................................................603
ROWIDTOCHAR...................................................................................................................604
ROWTYPE_MISMATCH ......................................................................................................605
RPAD......................................................................................................................................606
RTRIM....................................................................................................................................606
SAVE ......................................................................................................................................607
SAVEPOINT...........................................................................................................................607
SELECT..................................................................................................................................608
SELECT INTO .......................................................................................................................608
SET .........................................................................................................................................609
SET ROLE..............................................................................................................................611
SET TRANSACTION ............................................................................................................612
SHOW.....................................................................................................................................612
SIGN.......................................................................................................................................613
SIN..........................................................................................................................................614
SINH.......................................................................................................................................614
SOUNDEX .............................................................................................................................615
SPOOL....................................................................................................................................615
SQLERRM..............................................................................................................................616
SQLPLUS...............................................................................................................................616
SQRT ......................................................................................................................................617
START ....................................................................................................................................617
STDDEV.................................................................................................................................618
STORAGE..............................................................................................................................618
STORAGE_ERROR...............................................................................................................619
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