Oracle数据库11g入门指南

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"Oracle数据库11G初学者指南" Oracle Database 11g是Oracle公司推出的一款企业级数据库管理系统，尤其适合初学者入门学习。本书《Oracle Database 11g: A Beginner's Guide》由Ian Abramson、Michael Abbey、Michael J. Corey和Michelle Malcher等专家共同撰写，旨在为读者提供全面的Oracle 11g数据库基础知识。本书覆盖了以下关键知识点： 1. **Oracle数据库基础**：解释了数据库的基本概念，包括关系型数据库模型、数据存储结构以及Oracle数据库的组成部分，如数据块、表空间和段。 2. **安装与配置**：详述了在各种操作系统平台上安装Oracle 11g的步骤，包括选择适当的安装类型（如企业版或标准版）、配置网络服务和创建数据库实例。 3. **SQL语言**：深入浅出地介绍了SQL语言的基础，包括数据查询、插入、更新和删除操作，以及更高级的SQL特性，如子查询、联接和集合操作。 4. **PL/SQL编程**：讲解了Oracle的内置编程语言PL/SQL，包括变量、流程控制语句、异常处理和存储过程的编写。 5. **数据库管理**：涵盖了数据库的日常管理任务，如用户管理、权限控制、备份与恢复策略、性能监控和优化。 6. **安全性**：讨论了Oracle数据库的安全特性，包括身份验证、授权、审计和数据加密。 7. **高可用性与灾难恢复**：介绍了如何通过RAC（Real Application Clusters）实现数据库集群，以及数据保护技术如闪回和数据守护者。 8. **数据库设计与建模**：讲解了如何进行数据库设计，包括ER图、范式理论以及如何将这些理论转化为实际的表结构。 9. **性能调优**：提供了性能分析工具的使用方法，如SQL*Plus、 tkprof 和企业管理器，以及如何通过索引、分区和统计信息来优化查询性能。 10. **Oracle工具**：介绍了一些常用的Oracle管理工具，如SQL Developer、SQL*Plus和企业管理器（EM），以及它们在数据库管理中的应用。通过这本书，初学者可以系统地学习Oracle 11g数据库的各个方面，从基本概念到实际操作，逐步建立起对Oracle数据库的全面理解。书中的实例和练习旨在帮助读者巩固所学知识，并能够将理论应用于实践中。无论是对数据库感兴趣的个人还是需要掌握数据库管理技能的专业人士，此书都是一个理想的起点。

Introduction

he release of Oracle Database 11g is one that comes with much

anticipation. We are at a time when data is exploding and the cost

of operations must be reduced. Oracle 11g is a release that addresses

many of these concerns and provides a database that can help

organizations move forward without boundaries. With the release of

Oracle Database 11g: A Beginner’s Guide, we bring back together the Abramson,

Abbey, and Corey team that has been writing these books for over 13 years. That

time slice is pale compared to the length of time the Oracle database software has

been embracing the information highway. Recently Oracle celebrated its 30th

anniversary with the customary hoopla and fanfare…justifiably so.

One cannot rub shoulders with fellow information technologists without experiencing

Oracle’s technology, and quite a piece of technology it is! In the beginning, there was a

database, and then came development tools. The Oracle product line added components

at an ever more accelerating rate. This book is all about the foundation underneath just

about everything running the Oracle technology stack—the database. Regardless of what

corner of the technology you work with, being familiar with the underpinnings of the

database technology makes you a better practitioner.

Where has Oracle been, and where is it going? The former question is not that hard

to answer, the latter a mystery until it unfolds. In 1979 we saw the first commercial SQL

RDBMS offering from a new company in Redwood Shores, California—Software

Development Laboratories. Close to two years later, the company morphed into

Relational Software, Inc. in Menlo Park, not far from its origin. The VAX hardware

platform was the initial home of the database offering. The rest of the story of this

company, now known as Oracle Corporation, is revolutionary—all the way from the

first read-consistent database (1984), through its first full suite of applications (1992),

to the first web database offering (1997). The calendar year 2000 saw the first Internet

development suite, followed not long thereafter by the release of Enterprise Grid

computing with Database 10g in 2003. The acquisitions path emerged strongly in

2004 with the purchase of PeopleSoft, and it did not stop there. Significant technology

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Oracle Database 11g: A Beginner’s Guide

acquisitions are now common for this software giant, with Stellent Inc., Hyperion

Solutions Corporation, and, more recently, BEA Systems. As of the publication date of

this book, Oracle has acquired over 40 companies, making their products a significant

component of its growth strategy.

The database will always be the backbone of Oracle’s product line—hence the

fifth release of this successful suite of works: Oracle Database 11g: A Beginner’s

Guide. What many people find so fascinating about the Oracle technology stack

is how you can bury yourself in such a small part of the database offering. The part

that you are familiar with compared to the complete technology stack can be likened

to a little itty-bitty street corner compared to the network of intersections in a

thriving urban metropolis. Many of us live and breathe our piece of the database

technology, never having the opportunity to experience the features and functionality

leveraged elsewhere. That is why we wrote this Beginner’s Guide. Our main audience

is just that, the beginner, but there are also chapters in this book that cater to the

information needs of seasoned veterans with the technology.

In the earliest days of the Beginner’s Guide, we continually heard two dramatically

opposing opinions about the same thing. On one hand, some people said “One

thing I really like about the Oracle database software is that it’s so easy to tune”; on

the other hand, some claimed “One thing I really hate the Oracle database software

is that it’s so hard to tune.” Exactly where you align yourself as you get further and

further into this book remains to be seen; suffice it to say, the material covered in

Oracle Database 11g: A Beginner’s Guide will help you make more informed

decisions and adopt better best practices now and in the future. Oracle Database

is a powerful tool, and this book will be your first step toward empowerment and

your future of becoming an Oracle expert.

This book features the following elements, which enable you to check your

progress and understanding of the concepts and details of the product:

■ Critical Skills listed at the beginning of each chapter highlight what you will

learn by the end of the chapter.

■ Step-by-step Projects reinforce the concepts and skills learned in each

chapter, enabling you to apply your newly acquired knowledge and skills

immediately.

■ Ask the Expert questions and answers appear throughout the chapters to

make the subject more interactive and personal.

■ Progress Checks are quick, numbered self-assessment sections where you

can easily check your progress by answering questions and getting immediate

feedback with the provided answers.

■ Mastery Checks at the end of each chapter test proficiency in concepts

and technology details covered in the chapter through multiple-choice,

fill-in-the blank, true/false, and short-answer questions.

This book introduces you to many aspects of the Oracle database software.

Chapter 1 starts with the concept of a database and how Oracle is structured so

that you understand the fundamentals. Chapter 2 covers installing the software that

you are going to need to try things out. We have provided a step-by-step guide to

installing the software on Linux, but if you wish to install it on another platform, this

chapter will help you understand the choices that you need to make when installing

the database.

Once your database is installed, you will need to communicate with it; in order

to do this, you may need to install Oracle client software to access the database.

Chapter 3 on connecting to Oracle will guide you through the tasks that can often

be complex, but we provide information on how to keep it simple.

Once the database is installed and you can communicate with it, you need to

speak the languages that the database understands. We provide you with a solid

introduction to Structured Query Language (SQL) in Chapter 4, as well as Oracle’s

own programming language, PL/SQL, in Chapter 5. These two chapters will help

you create robust interactions with the database to get data into and out of your

database.

The administration of the Oracle database is largely a function of the people who

work closely with Oracle’s software. Thus, we provide you with a deep introduction

to these functions and features. In Chapter 6 we will show you what database

administrators (DBAs) do on a daily, weekly, and other basis. In Chapter 7 we

provide guidance on how to do backups and, in case things really go wrong with

your database, how to restore your old database.

Oracle 11g has many features that are at the leading edge of technology, and

Oracle Rapid Application Clusters (RAC) and Automatic Storage Management (ASM)

are important technology in the order to support the high-availability needs of

today’s applications. Take time in Chapter 8 to become familiar with all of this

technology to ensure that you understand how today’s databases are deployed and

optimized for performance and availability.

Finally, in Chapter 9 we discuss features that apply to large databases. As you

will learn or are already aware, databases are growing at an exponential rate. We

need to use the facilities of the database that address this growth and ensure that we

optimize the investment an organization makes in its Oracle software. This book

closes by discussing many of the features that will become everyday necessities in

your Oracle job.

There is one thing you must keep in mind as you travel around the pages of this

book: Oracle Database 11g is a complex product with many, many more features

and facilities than we can discuss here. We have chosen topics based on our own

experiences of what Oracle customers use 90% of the time, but realize that this is

just the start of a very interesting journey. As we say, “You have to start

somewhere.”

Oracle Database is an exciting product, and one that will provide you with

limitless chances to learn more about it. This book is one of your first steps; we

hope you take from it the curiosity to dig deeper into the topics.

Introduction

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