Node.js实战：构建实时服务器端应用

Node.js

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"Node.js Web Development - Third Edition" 本书《Node.js Web Development - Third Edition》是一本关于使用Node.js进行服务器端JavaScript开发的最新指南，适合对Node.js感兴趣的开发者，尤其是那些希望深入了解如何构建实时服务器端应用的读者。通过这本书，你可以学习到以下关键知识点： 1. **Node.js基础**：Node.js是一个基于Chrome V8引擎的JavaScript运行环境，它让开发者能够在服务器端使用JavaScript进行编程。本书将引导你了解其核心特性，包括事件驱动、非阻塞I/O模型，以及如何利用这些特性提高应用程序的性能。 2. **Node.js模块系统**：Node.js拥有丰富的模块库，涵盖了从网络通信到数据库操作的各种功能。你将学习如何使用npm（Node Package Manager）来安装、管理和共享这些模块，以构建复杂的应用程序。 3. **HTTP服务器和客户端应用开发**：掌握如何使用Node.js构建高性能的HTTP服务器，处理HTTP请求和响应。此外，你还将学习创建HTTP客户端应用，用于与远程服务器交互，实现数据的获取和发送。 4. **Connect/Express框架**：Connect是Node.js的一个轻量级中间件框架，而Express是基于Connect构建的更高级的Web应用框架。通过本书，你将理解这两个框架的工作原理，以及如何利用它们快速构建Web应用，包括路由设置、模板引擎和中间件的使用。 5. **WebSocket与实时通信**：Node.js支持WebSocket协议，允许双向、实时的客户端-服务器通信。书中会讲解如何使用WebSocket实现实时应用，如聊天室、协作工具或游戏服务器。 6. **数据库集成**：Node.js可以与各种数据库系统集成，如MongoDB、MySQL、PostgreSQL等。你将学习如何使用Node.js的数据库驱动程序进行数据操作，包括CRUD（创建、读取、更新和删除）操作。 7. **错误处理与调试**：良好的错误处理和调试技巧是任何开发者的必备技能。本书将教你如何在Node.js中有效地捕获和处理异常，以及使用各种工具进行调试。 8. **性能优化**：了解如何监控和优化Node.js应用的性能，包括内存管理、CPU使用率和I/O操作的优化。 9. **部署与持续集成**：最后，你将学习如何将Node.js应用部署到生产环境，包括配置服务器、负载均衡和使用持续集成工具如Jenkins或Travis CI自动化构建和测试流程。通过这本书的学习，你不仅可以掌握Node.js的核心技术，还能了解到Web开发的最新趋势和最佳实践，从而提升你的全栈开发能力。无论你是初学者还是有经验的开发者，都能从中受益。

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[ vii ]

Preface

Welcome to the world of software development on the Node.js platform. This is an

up-and-coming software platform that liberates JavaScript from the web browser,

allowing us to reuse our JavaScript skills for general software development on a

large range of systems. It runs atop the ultra-fast JavaScript engine at the heart of

Google's Chrome browser, V8, and adds a fast and robust library of asynchronous

network I/O modules. The Node.js community have developed a dizzyingly large

body of third-party modules for nearly every conceivable purpose. While the

primary focus of Node.js is high performance highly-scalable web applications,

it is seeing widespread use in Internet of Things (IoT) applications, microservice

development, asset build workow for frontend engineers, and even in desktop

applications like the Atom editor.

Microservices are one of the brightest ideas in computing today, and Node.js is right

there as one of the best platforms for microservice development. This is doubly true

when combined with Docker.

In just a few years, Node.js has gone from being a brand new "will anyone adopt

it" technology to a major force in software development. It is now widely used in

companies big and small, and the MEAN Stack (MongoDB, Express, AngularJS,

and Node.js) has become a leading application model.

The Node.js platform was developed by Ryan Dahl in 2009 after a couple years

of experimenting with web server component development in Ruby and other

languages. His goal was to create an event-oriented system with a low-overhead

architecture. This led Dahl toward an asynchronous single-thread system, as

opposed to a more traditional thread-based architecture.

Preface

[ viii ]

This model was chosen for simplicity, under the theory that threaded systems are

notoriously difcult to develop and debug for lower overhead and for speed. Node.

js's goal is to provide "an easy way to build scalable network servers." The design is

similar to, and inuenced by, other systems, such as Event Machine (Ruby) and the

Twisted framework (Python).

JavaScript was chosen as the language because anonymous functions and other

language elements provide an excellent base to implement asynchronous computation.

Event handler functions are often coded in-line as anonymous functions. The Node.js

runtime is ingeniously designed to support asynchronous I/O operations.

Now that ECMA Script 2016 is on the scene, new features, such as arrow functions

and Promises, are coming to JavaScript engines, including Node.js. These powerful

new capabilities will change JavaScript programming for the better. We now have a

path toward taming some of the difculties with asynchronous coding. The Promise

object gives us a way to organize asynchronously-executed procedures in a semi-

linear sequence, rather than the pyramid-shaped structures of callback functions.

The result is a platform that allows developers to not only succinctly write code of

great power but to have a lot of fun while doing so.

Having JavaScript on both the server and the client (browser) lets us implement a

vision dating back to the earliest days of the World Wide Web. Java's proponents

rst showed us dynamic stuff, powered by Java, running inside a web page. With

Java on both client and server side, developers were supposed to reach nirvana. Java

did not achieve success promoted by Sun Microsystems. Instead, it is JavaScript that

is quickly advancing to implement that vision in a big way.

With Node.js, we have JavaScript on both the client and the server. While this

probably won't help developers reach nirvana, our work is made much easier. We

can use common code, common data structures, and more team members speak the

same code language.

This book, Node.js Web Development, Third Edition, focuses on building web applications

using Node.js. We assume that you have some knowledge of JavaScript and maybe

even have server-side development experience. We will take a tour through the

important concepts in order to understand Node.js programming.

To do so, we'll develop several applications, including a Note-taking application that

will take several chapters to implement data storage with several database engines,

user authentication, including OAuth2 against Twitter, real-time communications

between users, and server deployment, including Docker. Along the way, we'll explore

leading application development best practices, distributing heavy workloads to

backend servers, and implementing REST microservices for multitiered architectures.

Preface

[ ix ]

What this book covers

Chapter 1, About Node.js, introduces you to the Node.js platform. It covers its uses, the

technological architecture choices in Node.js, its history, the history of server-side

JavaScript, and why JavaScript should be liberated from the browser.

Chapter 2, Setting up Node.js, goes over setting up a Node.js developer environment.

This includes installing Node.js on Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux, the command-line

tools using ECMA Script 2015 features in Node.js, and the npm package management

system.

Chapter 3, Node.js Modules, explores the module as the unit of modularity of Node.js

applications. We dive deep into understanding and developing Node.js modules and

using npm to maintain our dependency list.

Chapter 4, HTTP Servers and Clients – A Web Applications First Steps, starts exploring web

development with Node.js. We develop several small webserver and client applications

in Node.js. We use the Fibonacci algorithm to explore the effects of heavy-weight long-

running computations on a Node.js application, as well as several mitigation strategies.

This gives us our rst exposure to REST-based service development.

Chapter 5, Your First Express Application, begins several chapters of developing a

note-taking application. The rst step is getting a basic application running.

Chapter 6, Implementing the Mobile-First Paradigm, uses the Bootstrap framework to

implement responsive web design. Supporting mobile devices from the outset is

a driving paradigm in modern software development.

Chapter 7, Data Storage and Retrieval, ensures that we don't lose our notes when

restarting the application. We explore several database engines, and a method to

make it easy to switch between them at will.

Chapter 8, Multiuser Authentication the Microservice Way, adds user authentication to

the note-taking application. It can be used by both logged in and anonymous users

with different capabilities for each. Authentication is supported against both a local

user registry and using OAuth2 against Twitter.

Chapter 9, Dynamic Interaction between Client and Server with Socket.IO, lets our users

talk to each other in real time. JavaScript code will be written in both browser and

server, with Socket.IO providing the plumbing needed for real-time event exchange.

Users will see notes change as they're edited by other users, or they will read and

write notes that others can see.

Preface

[ x ]

Chapter 10, Deploying Node.js Applications, helps us understand Node.js application

deployment. We look at both traditional Linux service deployment using an /etc/

init script and using Docker to easily deploy an infrastructure of two databases

and two Node.js services.

Chapter 11, Unit Testing, takes a look at three test development models: Unit Testing,

REST testing, and functional testing. In addition to the Mocha and Chai frameworks,

we use CasperJS to run automated tests in a headless browser component. Docker is

used to facilitate test infrastructure deployment.

What you need for this book

The basic requirement is to install Node.js and to have a programmer-oriented text

editor. We will show you how to install everything that you need, all of which is

open source software, easily downloaded from the web. The most important tool

is the one between your ears.

The examples here were tested using Node.js v5.x and ECMA Script 2015 features

are widely used.

Some chapters require the database engines, MySQL and MongoDB.

While Node.js supports cross-platform software development, some of the third-party

modules require compilation from source code. This means that one must have C/C++

compiler tools and Python installed. The details are covered in Chapter 2, Setting up

Node.js.

While this book is about developing web applications, it does not require you to

have a web server. Node.js provides its own web server stack.

Who this book is for

This book is written for any software engineer who wants the adventure that comes

with a new software platform embodying a new programming paradigm.

Server-side engineers may nd the concepts behind Node.js refreshing, giving you

a different perspective on web application development. JavaScript is a powerful

language, and Node.js's asynchronous nature plays to its strengths.

Developers experienced with JavaScript in the browser may nd it fun to bring that

knowledge to new territory.

We assume that you already know how to write software and have an understanding

of modern programming languages such as JavaScript.

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