Linux 2.6内核设备驱动指南

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"《Linux设备驱动程序》第三版，针对Linux 2.6内核，是关于Linux设备驱动开发的经典教程。" 《Linux Device Drivers》是Linux设备驱动开发领域的权威著作，第三版专注于Linux 2.6内核，这个版本的内核在当时是广泛使用的，并且包含了许多对设备驱动程序开发至关重要的更新和改进。书中详细阐述了如何为各种类型的硬件编写驱动程序，包括字符设备、块设备、网络设备以及中断处理、DMA、I/O端口访问等核心概念。 1. **字符设备驱动**：字符设备驱动程序处理单个数据流，通常用于键盘、鼠标和串行端口等设备。书中的内容涵盖了字符设备的注册、打开、关闭、读写操作以及内存管理和同步机制。 2. **块设备驱动**：块设备驱动处理连续的数据块，如硬盘、SSD和网络存储设备。在书中，读者将了解到如何实现块设备的请求队列、缓存策略、I/O调度和错误处理。 3. **网络设备驱动**：对于网络设备，驱动程序需要处理网络协议栈与物理传输层之间的交互。书中讲解了网络驱动的初始化、接收和发送数据包、中断处理以及多线程编程。 4. **中断处理**：中断是硬件向CPU发送的信号，表明有事件需要处理。书中详细介绍了中断子系统，包括中断向量表、中断处理程序的编写和中断上下文。 5. **DMA（直接内存访问）**：DMA允许硬件直接与内存交换数据，减轻CPU负担。书里涵盖了如何配置和管理DMA控制器，以及如何安全地进行DMA传输。 6. **I/O端口访问**：对于某些老式硬件或特定设备，可能需要直接访问I/O端口。书中详细讲述了如何进行端口读写以及相关的内存映射技术。 7. **设备模型**：Linux内核的设备模型是管理设备和驱动之间关系的关键。书里详细介绍了sysfs、udev和hotplug机制，这些都是现代Linux系统中设备动态管理的基础。 8. **模块化驱动**：Linux支持模块化驱动，允许在运行时加载和卸载驱动。书中详细解释了如何编写可加载模块，以及模块与内核的交互。 9. **调试技巧**：书中提供了许多实用的调试工具和方法，如`dmesg`、`strace`、`gdb`等，帮助开发者诊断和修复驱动问题。 10. **社区和资源**：书中提到了O'Reilly出版社的其他Linux相关资源，以及ONLamp.com等网站，这些资源为读者提供了丰富的学习材料和社区支持。通过《Linux Device Drivers》第三版，开发者能够深入理解Linux内核的工作原理，从而编写出高效、可靠的设备驱动程序，满足各种硬件平台的需求。这本书不仅是初学者的指南，也是经验丰富的开发者的宝贵参考。

This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition

Preface

Background Information

In order to be able to use this book, you need to be confident with C programming.

Some Unix expertise is needed as well, as we often refer to Unix semantics about sys-

tem calls, commands, and pipelines.

At the hardware level, no previous expertise is required to understand the material in

this book, as long as the general concepts are clear in advance. The text isn’t based

on specific PC hardware, and we provide all the needed information when we do

refer to specific hardware.

Several free software tools are needed to build the kernel, and you often need spe-

cific versions of these tools. Those that are too old can lack needed features, while

those that are too new can occasionally generate broken kernels. Usually, the tools

provided with any current distribution work just fine. Tool version requirements

vary from one kernel to the next; consult Documentation/Changes in the source tree

of the kernel you are using for exact requirements.

Online Version and License

The authors have chosen to make this book freely available under the Creative Com-

mons “Attribution-ShareAlike” license, Version 2.0:

http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/linuxdrive3

Conventions Used in This Book

The following is a list of the typographical conventions used in this book:

Italic

Used for file and directory names, program and command names, command-line

options, URLs, and new terms

Constant Width

Used in examples to show the contents of files or the output from commands,

and in the text to indicate words that appear in C code or other literal strings

Constant Width Italic

Used to indicate text within commands that the user replaces with an actual

value

Constant Width Bold

Used in examples to show commands or other text that should be typed literally

by the user

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This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition

Preface

xvii

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Acknowledgments

This book, of course, was not written in a vacuum; we would like to thank the many

people who have helped to make it possible.

Thanks to our editor, Andy Oram; this book is a vastly better product as a result of

his efforts. And obviously we owe a lot to the smart people who have laid the philo-

sophical and practical foundations of the current free software renaissance.

The first edition was technically reviewed by Alan Cox, Greg Hankins, Hans Ler-

men, Heiko Eissfeldt, and Miguel de Icaza (in alphabetic order by first name). The

technical reviewers for the second edition were Allan B. Cruse, Christian Morgner,

Jake Edge, Jeff Garzik, Jens Axboe, Jerry Cooperstein, Jerome Peter Lynch, Michael

Kerrisk, Paul Kinzelman, and Raph Levien. Reviewers for the third edition were

Allan B. Cruse, Christian Morgner, James Bottomley, Jerry Cooperstein, Patrick

Mochel, Paul Kinzelman, and Robert Love. Together, these people have put a vast

amount of effort into finding problems and pointing out possible improvements to

our writing.

Last but certainly not least, we thank the Linux developers for their relentless work.

This includes both the kernel programmers and the user-space people, who often get

forgotten. In this book, we chose never to call them by name in order to avoid being

unfair to someone we might forget. We sometimes made an exception to this rule

and called Linus by name; we hope he doesn’t mind.

Jon

I must begin by thanking my wife Laura and my children Michele and Giulia for fill-

ing my life with joy and patiently putting up with my distraction while working on

this edition. The subscribers of LWN.net have, through their generosity, enabled

much of this work to happen. The Linux kernel developers have done me a great ser-

vice by letting me be a part of their community, answering my questions, and setting

me straight when I got confused. Thanks are due to readers of the second edition of

this book whose comments, offered at Linux gatherings over much of the world,

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This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition

xviii

Preface

have been gratifying and inspiring. And I would especially like to thank Alessandro

Rubini for starting this whole exercise with the first edition (and staying with it

through the current edition); and Greg Kroah-Hartman, who has brought his consid-

erable skills to bear on several chapters, with great results.

Alessandro

I would like to thank the people that made this work possible. First of all, the incred-

ible patience of Federica, who went as far as letting me review the first edition dur-

ing our honeymoon, with a laptop in the tent. I want to thank Giorgio and Giulia,

who have been involved in later editions of the book and happily accepted to be sons

of “a gnu” who often works late in the night. I owe a lot to all the free-software

authors who actually taught me how to program by making their work available for

anyone to study. But for this edition, I’m mostly grateful to Jon and Greg, who have

been great mates in this work; it couldn’t have existed without each and both of

them, as the code base is bigger and tougher, while my time is a scarcer resource,

always contended for by clients, free software issues, and expired deadlines. Jon has

been a great leader for this edition; both have been very productive and technically

invaluable in supplementing my small-scale and embedded view toward program-

ming with their expertise about SMP and number crunchers.

Greg

I would like to thank my wife Shannon and my children Madeline and Griffin for

their understanding and patience while I took the time to work on this book. If it

were not for their support of my original Linux development efforts, I would not be

able to do this book at all. Thanks also to Alessandro and Jon for offering to let me

work on this book; I am honored that they let me participate in it. Much gratitude is

given to all of the Linux kernel programmers, who were unselfish enough to write

code in the public view, so that I and others could learn so much from just reading it.

Also, for everyone who has ever sent me bug reports, critiqued my code, and flamed

me for doing stupid things, you have all taught me so much about how to be a better

programmer and, throughout it all, made me feel very welcome to be part of this

community. Thank you.

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This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition

Chapter 1

CHAPTER 1

An Introduction to

Device Drivers

One of the many advantages of free operating systems, as typified by Linux, is that

their internals are open for all to view. The operating system, once a dark and myste-

rious area whose code was restricted to a small number of programmers, can now be

readily examined, understood, and modified by anybody with the requisite skills.

Linux has helped to democratize operating systems. The Linux kernel remains a

large and complex body of code, however, and would-be kernel hackers need an

entry point where they can approach the code without being overwhelmed by com-

plexity. Often, device drivers provide that gateway.

Device drivers take on a special role in the Linux kernel. They are distinct “black

boxes” that make a particular piece of hardware respond to a well-defined internal

programming interface; they hide completely the details of how the device works.

User activities are performed by means of a set of standardized calls that are indepen-

dent of the specific driver; mapping those calls to device-specific operations that act

on real hardware is then the role of the device driver. This programming interface is

such that drivers can be built separately from the rest of the kernel and “plugged in”

at runtime when needed. This modularity makes Linux drivers easy to write, to the

point that there are now hundreds of them available.

There are a number of reasons to be interested in the writing of Linux device drivers.

The rate at which new hardware becomes available (and obsolete!) alone guarantees

that driver writers will be busy for the foreseeable future. Individuals may need to

know about drivers in order to gain access to a particular device that is of interest to

them. Hardware vendors, by making a Linux driver available for their products, can

add the large and growing Linux user base to their potential markets. And the open

source nature of the Linux system means that if the driver writer wishes, the source

to a driver can be quickly disseminated to millions of users.

This book teaches you how to write your own drivers and how to hack around in

related parts of the kernel. We have taken a device-independent approach; the pro-

gramming techniques and interfaces are presented, whenever possible, without being

tied to any specific device. Each driver is different; as a driver writer, you need to

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