精通JPA 2：Java持久化API权威指南

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"Apress 出版的《Pro JPA 2 Mastering the Java Persistence API》是2009年11月发布的英文完美版，由Mike Keith和Merrick Schincariol撰写，并由Java Persistence API (JPA) 规范负责人Linda De Michiel作序。这本书是关于JPA 2.0的权威指南，适用于构建强大、数据驱动的应用程序，完全符合Java EE 6标准。" 《Pro JPA 2: Mastering the Java™ Persistence API》这本书深入探讨了Java持久化领域的新特性，旨在帮助读者掌握JPA 2.0这一强大的持久化标准。自JPA 1.0发布以来，它已经成为主流的持久化技术，而本书第一版陪伴了许多开发者成长。 JPA 2.0带来了许多新特性，如： 1. **额外的对象关系映射（ORM）**：这使得开发者可以更灵活地将数据库表与Java对象进行映射，提高了数据模型的表达能力。 2. **更多的对象建模灵活性**：提供了更丰富的选项来适应不同复杂度的数据模型，增强了模型设计的可扩展性和适应性。 3. **类型安全的查询**：通过使用注解或接口定义查询，可以避免运行时的SQL拼写错误，提高代码的可靠性和可维护性。 4. **全新的Criteria API**：这是一个强类型、面向对象的API，用于构建动态查询，允许在运行时构建复杂的查询表达式，极大地提高了代码的灵活性和重用性。书中不仅涵盖了这些新特性，还为已经熟悉JPA 1.0的开发者提供了版本提示，指出哪些功能是在哪个版本中新增的，以便于对比和升级。作者还分享了一些实用的技巧和建议，帮助读者在实际项目中更好地应用JPA，解决可能出现的问题，提升开发效率。对于希望深入了解JPA 2.0并充分利用其功能的Java开发者来说，这本书是一个不可多得的资源，能够帮助他们创建健壮、高效且易于维护的数据驱动应用程序。通过阅读此书，开发者可以掌握JPA的核心概念、最佳实践，以及如何在Java EE 6环境中集成和优化持久化层。

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xiv

Shared Primary Key ...........................................................................................................................283

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Multiple Mapped Attributes................................................................................................................284

Using EmbeddedId .............................................................................................................................286

Advanced Mapping Elements...................................................................................... 288

Read-Only Mappings..........................................................................................................................288

Optionality..........................................................................................................................................289

Advanced Relationships.............................................................................................. 289

Using Join Tables...............................................................................................................................290

Avoiding Join Tables ..........................................................................................................................291

Compound Join Columns ...................................................................................................................292

Orphan Removal.................................................................................................................................294

Mapping Relationship State ...............................................................................................................295

Multiple Tables............................................................................................................ 297

Inheritance.................................................................................................................. 300

Class Hierarchies ...............................................................................................................................300

Mapped Superclasses...................................................................................................................301

Transient Classes in the Hierarchy ...............................................................................................303

Abstract and Concrete Classes .....................................................................................................303

Inheritance Models ............................................................................................................................304

Single-Table Strategy ...................................................................................................................304

Joined Strategy.............................................................................................................................307

Table-per-Concrete-Class Strategy ..............................................................................................309

Mixed Inheritance ..............................................................................................................................311

Summary..................................................................................................................... 313

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Chapter 11: Advanced Topics............................................................................315

SQL Queries ................................................................................................................ 315

Native Queries versus JDBC...............................................................................................................316

Defining and Executing SQL Queries..................................................................................................318

SQL Result Set Mapping.....................................................................................................................320

Mapping Foreign Keys ..................................................................................................................321

Multiple Result Mappings .............................................................................................................321

Mapping Column Aliases...............................................................................................................321

Mapping Scalar Result Columns ...................................................................................................322

Mapping Compound Keys .............................................................................................................324

Mapping Inheritance .....................................................................................................................325

Parameter Binding .............................................................................................................................326

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Lifecycle Callbacks ..................................................................................................... 326

Lifecycle Events .................................................................................................................................326

PrePersist and PostPersist............................................................................................................326

PreRemove and PostRemove ........................................................................................................327

PreUpdate and PostUpdate ...........................................................................................................327

PostLoad .......................................................................................................................................327

Callback Methods...............................................................................................................................327

Enterprise Contexts.......................................................................................................................329

Entity Listeners ..................................................................................................................................329

Attaching Entity Listeners to Entities ............................................................................................329

Default Entity Listeners.................................................................................................................331

Inheritance and Lifecycle Events .......................................................................................................331

Inheriting Callback Methods .........................................................................................................331

Inheriting Entity Listeners .............................................................................................................332

Lifecycle Event Invocation Order...................................................................................................332

Validation .................................................................................................................... 335

Using Constraints...............................................................................................................................336

Invoking Validation.............................................................................................................................337

Validation Groups...............................................................................................................................338

Creating New Constraints ..................................................................................................................340

Constraint Annotations..................................................................................................................340

Constraint Implementation Classes ..............................................................................................341

Validation in JPA ................................................................................................................................342

Enabling Validation ............................................................................................................................343

Setting Lifecycle Validation Groups ...................................................................................................343

Concurrency................................................................................................................ 344

Entity Operations................................................................................................................................344

Entity Access......................................................................................................................................345

Refreshing Entity State ............................................................................................... 345

Locking .......................................................................................................................348

Optimistic Locking .............................................................................................................................348

Versioning .....................................................................................................................................349

Advanced Optimistic Locking Modes ............................................................................................350

Recovering from Optimistic Failures.............................................................................................355

Pessimistic Locking ...........................................................................................................................358

Pessimistic Locking Modes...........................................................................................................358

Pessimistic Scope.........................................................................................................................360

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xvi

Pessimistic Timeouts ....................................................................................................................360

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Recovering From Pessimistic Failures..........................................................................................361

Caching ....................................................................................................................... 361

Sorting Through the Layers................................................................................................................361

Shared Cache.....................................................................................................................................363

Static Configuration of the Cache .................................................................................................365

Dynamic Cache Management .......................................................................................................366

Utility Classes.............................................................................................................. 368

PersistenceUtil ...................................................................................................................................368

PersistenceUnitUtil.............................................................................................................................368

Summary..................................................................................................................... 369

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Chapter 12: XML Mapping Files ........................................................................371

The Metadata Puzzle................................................................................................... 372

The Mapping File ........................................................................................................ 373

Disabling Annotations ........................................................................................................................373

xml-mapping-metadata-complete................................................................................................374

metadata-complete.......................................................................................................................374

Persistence Unit Defaults...................................................................................................................375

schema .........................................................................................................................................376

catalog ..........................................................................................................................................376

delimited-identifiers......................................................................................................................376

access...........................................................................................................................................377

cascade-persist ............................................................................................................................377

entity-listeners..............................................................................................................................378

Mapping File Defaults ........................................................................................................................378

package ........................................................................................................................................379

schema .........................................................................................................................................379

catalog ..........................................................................................................................................380

access...........................................................................................................................................380

Queries and Generators .....................................................................................................................381

sequence-generator......................................................................................................................381

table-generator .............................................................................................................................382

named-query.................................................................................................................................382

named-native-query .....................................................................................................................383

sql-result-set-mapping.................................................................................................................384

Managed Classes and Mappings .......................................................................................................385

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xvii

Attributes ......................................................................................................................................385

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Tables............................................................................................................................................386

Identifier Mappings .......................................................................................................................387

Simple Mappings ..........................................................................................................................389

Relationship and Collection Mappings..........................................................................................391

Embedded Object Mappings .........................................................................................................398

Inheritance Mappings ...................................................................................................................401

Lifecycle Events ............................................................................................................................404

Entity Listeners .............................................................................................................................404

Summary..................................................................................................................... 406

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Chapter 13: Packaging and Deployment ...........................................................407

Configuring Persistence Units..................................................................................... 407

Persistence Unit Name.......................................................................................................................408

Transaction Type................................................................................................................................408

Persistence Provider ..........................................................................................................................408

Data Source .......................................................................................................................................409

Mapping Files.....................................................................................................................................410

Managed Classes...............................................................................................................................411

Local Classes ................................................................................................................................411

Classes in Mapping Files ..............................................................................................................412

Explicitly Listed Classes................................................................................................................412

Additional JARs of Managed Classes............................................................................................413

Shared Cache Mode...........................................................................................................................413

Validation Mode .................................................................................................................................414

Adding Vendor Properties ..................................................................................................................414

Building and Deploying ............................................................................................... 415

Deployment Classpath .......................................................................................................................415

Packaging Options .............................................................................................................................416

EJB JAR.........................................................................................................................................416

Web Archive ..................................................................................................................................418

Persistence Archive ......................................................................................................................419

Persistence Unit Scope ......................................................................................................................420

Outside the Server ...................................................................................................... 420

Configuring the Persistence Unit .......................................................................................................421

Transaction Type...........................................................................................................................421

Data Source ..................................................................................................................................421

Providers.......................................................................................................................................422

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xviii

Listing the Entities ........................................................................................................................422

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Specifying Properties at Runtime ......................................................................................................423

System Classpath ..............................................................................................................................423

Schema Generation..................................................................................................... 423

Unique Constraints.............................................................................................................................424

Null Constraints..................................................................................................................................425

String-Based Columns .......................................................................................................................425

Floating Point Columns ......................................................................................................................426

Defining the Column...........................................................................................................................426

Summary..................................................................................................................... 427

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Chapter 14: Testing ...........................................................................................429

Testing Enterprise Applications .................................................................................. 429

Terminology .......................................................................................................................................430

Testing Outside the Server.................................................................................................................431

Test Frameworks ...............................................................................................................................432

Unit Testing................................................................................................................. 433

Testing Entities ..................................................................................................................................433

Testing Entities in Components .........................................................................................................434

The Entity Manager in Unit Tests .......................................................................................................436

Integration Testing...................................................................................................... 439

Using the Entity Manager...................................................................................................................439

Test Setup and Teardown .............................................................................................................441

Switching Configurations for Testing............................................................................................442

Minimizing Database Connections................................................................................................444

Components and Persistence ............................................................................................................445

Transaction Management .............................................................................................................445

Container-Managed Entity Managers ...........................................................................................450

Other Services...............................................................................................................................452

Using an Embedded EJB Container for Integration Testing ..........................................................453

Best Practices............................................................................................................. 455

Summary..................................................................................................................... 455

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Chapter 15: Migration .......................................................................................457

Migrating from CMP Entity Beans............................................................................... 457

Scoping the Challenge .......................................................................................................................458

Entity Bean Conversion ......................................................................................................................459

Converting the Business Interface ................................................................................................459

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