智能电网通信中的安全解决方案与应用密码学

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《智能电网通信中的安全解决方案与应用密码学》是一本由Mohamed Amine Ferrag和Ahmed Ahmim合著的专业书籍，两位作者分别来自阿尔及利亚的Guelma大学和University of Larbi Tebessi。该书是"信息安全、隐私和伦理学"（AISPE）系列的一部分，由IGI Global出版，位于美国 Hershey 的701巧克力大道。本书主要探讨了智能电网通信领域中关键的安全问题及其解决方案，特别关注了在电力系统智能化转型过程中如何运用先进的加密技术来保护数据安全，确保电网基础设施免受黑客攻击、数据篡改和非法访问。智能电网依赖于大量数据交换和远程监控，因此对网络安全的需求极为迫切，这使得安全解决方案和加密技术在其中扮演了至关重要的角色。书中可能涵盖的主题包括但不限于： 1. **安全性挑战**：讨论智能电网面临的威胁，如窃电、数据泄露、恶意软件和分布式拒绝服务攻击。这些威胁可能源于外部黑客、内部操作员疏忽或设备漏洞。 2. **加密技术的应用**：分析各种加密算法，如公钥基础设施（PKI）、对称密钥加密、身份认证、消息认证码（MAC）等，以及它们在保护数据传输、用户认证和完整性验证中的作用。 3. **安全协议设计**：探讨用于智能电网的通信协议，如SSL/TLS、SSH、MQTT等，以及如何通过这些协议确保通信的安全性。 4. **网络安全管理**：介绍安全策略和实践，如入侵检测系统（IDS）、防火墙、安全审计和漏洞管理，以维护整个系统的稳定和可靠运行。 5. **隐私保护**：强调在收集、处理和存储敏感信息时如何遵守隐私法规，以及如何通过同态加密、差分隐私等技术保护用户隐私。 6. **案例研究与最佳实践**：书中可能包含实际案例分析，展示在智能电网环境中成功实施安全解决方案和加密技术的范例，以及行业标准和最佳实践。 7. **未来趋势与挑战**：展望智能电网安全领域的未来发展，探讨随着物联网（IoT）和云计算的融合，新的安全威胁和应对策略。《Security Solutions and Applied Cryptography in Smart Grid Communications》为读者提供了一个深入理解智能电网安全环境的专业视角，帮助读者掌握如何在这个高度互联的系统中构建一个安全、可靠且可持续的信息基础设施。

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Chapter 11

Infrequent Pattern Identiﬁcation in SCADA Systems Using Unsupervised Learning .......................215

Mohiuddin Ahmed, UNSW Canberra, Australia

In recent years, it has been revealed that these critical infrastructures such as SCADA systems have been

the target of cyber-terrorism. In general cyber-attacks are infrequent in nature and hence infrequent pattern

identiﬁcation in SCADA systems is an important research issue. Therefore, design and development of an

eﬃcient infrequent pattern detection technique is a research priority. In this chapter, the eﬀectiveness of

co-clustering which is advantageous over regular clustering for creating more ﬁne-grained representation

of the data and computationally eﬃcient is explored for infrequent pattern identiﬁcation in SCADA

systems. A multi-stage co-clustering based infrequent pattern detection technique is proposed and applied

on seven benchmark SCADA datasets which includes practical industrial datasets. The proposed method

shows its superiority over existing clustering based techniques in terms of computational complexity

which is essential for practical deployment in a SCADA framework.

Chapter 12

CYRAN: A Hybrid Cyber Range for Testing Security on ICS/SCADA Systems..............................226

Bil Hallaq, University of Warwick, UK

Andrew Nicholson, University of Warwick, UK

Richard Smith, De Montfort University, UK

Leandros Maglaras, De Montfort University, UK

Helge Janicke, De Montfort University, UK

Kevin Jones, Airbus Group, UK

Cyber Security of ICS/SCADA systems is a major aspect of current research focus. Cyber Ranges and

Test-beds can serve as means of vulnerability and threat analysis of real SCADA systems with low costs.

Signiﬁcantly lacking from current research, is detailed documentation of the decision process and the

potential diﬃculties that need to be considered when undertaking the creation of a Cyber Range (CR)

in order to facilitate the capture of labelled datasets which is included in this paper. This paper makes

several further contributions; a review of Cyber Ranges created by Academic Institutions that inﬂuenced

the criteria in creating CYRAN, the De Montfort University CYber RANge. The article presents the

design implementation, the process of creating eﬀective rules of engagement, the management and

running of a Cyber Range Event (CRE) with partners from Industry and Academia and the creation of

labelled datasets.

Chapter 13

A Key Management Scheme for Secure Communications Based on Smart Grid Requirements

(KMS-CL-SG) .................................................................................................................................... 242

Bashar Alohali, Liverpool John Moores University, UK

Kashif Kifayat, Liverpool John Moores University, UK

Qi Shi, Liverpool John Moores University, UK

William Hurst, Liverpool John Moores University, UK

Over the last decade, Internet of Things (IoTs) have brought radical changes to the means and forms

of communication for monitoring and control of a large number of applications including Smart Grid

(SG). Traditional energy networks have been modernized to SGs to boost the energy industry in the

context of eﬃcient and eﬀective power management, performance, real-time control and information

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ﬂow using two-way communication between utility provides and end-users. However, integrating two-

way communication in SG comes at the cost of cyber security vulnerabilities and challenges. In the

context of SG, node compromise is a severe security threat due to the fact that a compromised node

can signiﬁcantly impact the operations and security of the SG network. Therefore, in this chapter, Key

Management Scheme for Communication Layer in the Smart Grid (KMS-CL-SG) has proposed. In

order to achieve a secure end-to-end communication we assign a unique key to each node in the group.

Section 4

Smart Energy and Network Management

Chapter 14

Modelling Software-Deﬁned Wireless Sensor Network Architectures for Smart Grid

Neighborhood Area Networks ............................................................................................................ 267

Nazmus S. Naﬁ, RMIT University, Australia

Khandakar Ahmed, RMIT University, Australia

Mark A. Gregory, RMIT University, Australia

In a smart grid machine to machine communication environment, the separation of the control and data

planes in the Software Deﬁned Networking (SDN) paradigm increases ﬂexibility, controllability and

manageability of the network. A fully integrated SDN based WSN network can play a more prominent role

by providing ‘last mile’ connectivity while serving various Smart Grid applications and oﬀer improved

security, guaranteed Quality of Service and ﬂexible interworking capabilities. Hence, more eﬀorts are

required to explore the potential role of SDN in Smart Grid communications and thereby ensure its

optimum utilization. In this chapter we provide a description of how SDN technology can be used in

WSN with an emphasis on its end-to-end network architecture. We then present its novel application to

Advanced Metering Infrastructure, Substation Automation, Distributed Energy Resources, Wide Area

Measurement Systems, and Roaming of Electric Vehicles in Smart Grids.

Chapter 15

Smart Energy and Cost Optimization for Hybrid Micro-Grids: PV/ Wind/ Battery/ Diesel

Generator Control ............................................................................................................................... 287

Imene Yahyaoui, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Brazil

Rachid Ghraizi, Indra, Spain

Fernando Tadeo, University of Valladolid, Spain

Marcelo Eduardo Vieira Segatto, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Brazil

This chapter is concerned with the energy management of a hybrid micro-grid composed of photovoltaic/

wind/ battery bank and diesel generator, which is used to supply domestic loads. Hence, a control

strategy is proposed to manage the power ﬂow between the power sources and the loads, which ensures

the maximization of the renewable sources use, and therefore the minimization of the battery bank and

diesel generator use. The control strategy allows the installation operating cost to be minimized and the

safe operating for the battery bank to be guaranteed. The strategy is tested using measured data of some

climatic parameters of the target area, showing its eﬃciency in fulﬁlling the ﬁxed objectives.

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Chapter 16

Feasibility Study of Renewable Energy Integrated Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure ...........313

Azhar Ul-Haq, University of New Brunswick, Canada

Marium Azhar, École de Technologie Supérieure, Canada & Lahore College for Women

University, Pakistan

This chapter presents a detailed study of renewable energy integrated charging infrastructure for electric

vehicles (EVs) and discusses its various aspects such as siting requirements, standards of charging

stations, integration of renewable energy sources for powering up charging stations and interfacing

devices between charging facilities and smart grid. A smart charging station for EVs is explained along

with its essential components and diﬀerent charging methodologies are explained. It has been recognized

that the amalgamation of electric vehicles in the transportation sector will trigger power issues due to

the mobility of vehicles beyond the stretch of home area network. In this regard an information and

communication technology (ICT) based architecture may support EVs management with an aim to

enhance the electric vehicle charging and energy storage capabilities with the relevant considerations.

An ICT based solution is capable of monitoring the state of charge (SOC) of EV batteries, health and

accessible amount of energy along with the mobility of EVs.

Chapter 17

Enabling Publish/Subscribe Communication for On-the-Move Electric Vehicle Charging

Management ........................................................................................................................................ 350

Yue Cao, Northumbria University, UK

Tong Wang, Harbin Engineering University, China

Yunfeng Wang, Harbin Engineering University, China

The introduction of Electric Vehicle (EVs) has a great potential for the reductions of carbon emissions

and air pollution. Whereas, EVs are more likely to run out of energy and need to be charged during

their journeys. This is mainly due to the limited EV battery capacity and long trip distance in big cities.

Practically, this concern could be substantially improved by recharging EVs’ electricity at deployed

public Charging Stations (CSs) during journeys. However, even if the ﬂexibility of public CSs could be

improved and adjusted following the rapid growth of EVs, major technical challenges and contributions

in this chapter involve decision making intelligence for the selection of CSs as charging plans, and the

provisioning communication infrastructure for secure information dissemination within network.

Chapter 18

Smart Control Strategy for Small-Scale Photovoltaic Systems Connected to Single-Phase Grids:

Active and Reactive Powers Control ...................................................................................................380

Imene Yahyaoui, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Brazil

Fernando Tadeo, University of Valladolid, Spain

Marcelo Eduardo Vieira Segatto, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Brazil

This research chapter is concerned with the control of a photovoltaic powered plant connected to a

single-phase grid. The system is equipped with dc–dc converters, which allow the panels’ maximum

Preface

Electrical energy storage is a key of modern and future life. The consumption of electrical energy (i.e.

the use of air conditioning, audio and video devices or electric heating) is increasing every year due;

firstly, to the increase of the population and secondly by the appearance of new form of consumption,

such as electric cars. The dilemma with this increase consumption is, how to ensure the balance between

supply and demand for electricity at all times? To address this problem, the idea of placing the new

generation of smart grids to control this energy has appeared in recent literature in different flavors in

order to provide electric power supply secure, sustainable and competitive to consumers. In addition, the

revolution in smart grid involves a significant change in side of the consumer where consumers will also

become producer with the ability of energy storage such as in the vehicle battery, or as a local generation

sources such as photovoltaic panels.

The smart grid develops modern solutions for the next-generation network and digital communica-

tion in which many systems and subsystems are interconnected to provide services from end-to-end

network between various actors and between intelligent devices that are deployed there. Within each

network, a hierarchical structure is composed of different types of networks, such as the HANs (Home

Area Networks), the BANs (Building Area Networks), the IANs (Industrial Area Networks), the NANs

(Neighborhood Area Networks), the FANs (Field Area Networks), and the WANs (Wide Area Networks).

In addition, large societies propose the use of cloud computing in smart grid applications connected

with the electrical control center.

The main problem in the development of a smart grid is not located at the physical medium but

mainly in delivery of reliability and security. The possibility of fitting with active or passive attacks in

smart grid network is great to divulge privacy and disrupt energy (e.g. Wormhole Attack, False Data

Injection Attack, Black Hole Attack, Grey Hole Attack, DoS Attack, Physical Layer Attack, Colluding

Adversary Attack, Routing Table Overflow Attack etc.). Therefore, the security requirements, includ-

ing authentication, accountability, integrity, non-repudiation, access control and confidentiality should

be paid more attention in the future for high performance smart grids. This book will cover the current

scope of various methodologies and mechanisms in the theory and practice of security, privacy, intrusion

detection, and applied cryptography in smart grid communications in one place.

This book is organized as follows:

• Section 1 introduces the vulnerabilities, threats, and attacks in smart grid communications;

• Section 2 deals with authentication, privacy, and interoperability in smart grid communications;

• Section 3 presents intrusion detection systems and cryptography solutions for securing smart grid

communications

• Section 4 discusses smart energy and network management in smart grid.

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