掌握Git最新教程：版本控制与分支管理详解

需积分: 16 98 浏览量更新于2024-07-28 收藏 3.87MB PDF 举报

Git 是一种分布式版本控制系统（Distributed Version Control System, DVCS），它为软件开发提供了强大的协作和版本控制能力。这个最新教程旨在帮助初学者掌握 Git 的基本原理和操作方法，以便更有效地利用这个工具。在Git的世界里，与传统的集中式版本控制系统（如Subversion和Perforce）相比，Git的工作方式有显著不同。尽管用户界面相似，但Git存储和处理信息的方式更为灵活且分散，这使得项目管理、分支处理和协作更为高效。本教程分为多个部分： 1. 入门介绍：首先，学习者会被引导了解版本控制的基本概念，以及Git的发展历史，以便从一开始就理解其独特背景和价值。 2. Git基础：这部分涵盖了如何获取Git仓库、记录并查看提交历史、撤销操作、远程工作和使用标签等核心功能。同时，还提供了一些实用技巧，帮助读者更快上手。 3. 分支管理：Git的分支模型是其精髓所在。章节详细讲解了分支的含义，基本分支操作（创建、切换和合并），以及各种工作流策略，如快速分支与合并、远程分支管理和rebase。 4. 服务器部署：这一部分介绍了Git支持的不同协议（如SSH和HTTP），指导读者如何在服务器上安装和配置Git，以及如何设置SSH公钥、设置访问权限、使用Git Web界面、Gitosis和Gitolite等自动化工具，甚至探讨了托管服务和公共Git库的使用。 5. 分布式工作模式：Git作为DVCS的一个关键特性，阐述了分布式工作流程的优势，以及如何参与到项目的贡献和维护中，包括使用Git进行协作和项目管理。 6. 总结与进阶：最后，教程对整个学习过程进行了回顾，强调了Git的核心理念和在实际项目中的应用，鼓励读者继续探索和深化对Git的理解。通过深入学习这个最新教程，无论是初次接触Git的新手还是经验丰富的开发者，都能系统地掌握Git的基础知识，并学会如何在实际开发环境中优化工作流程，提升团队协作效率。记住，理解和掌握Git的精髓在于跳出其他VCS的思维框架，充分体验其独特的设计和优势。

Pro Git

files, to stage files, and to do other things like marking merge-conflicted files as resolved). Let’s run

git add now to stage the benchmarks.rb file, and then run git status again:

$ git add benchmarks.rb

$ git status

# On branch master

# Changes to be committed:

# (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage)

# new file: README

# modified: benchmarks.rb

Both files are staged and will go into your next commit. At this point, suppose you remember one

little change that you want to make in benchmarks.rb before you commit it. You open it again and

make that change, and you’re ready to commit. However, let’s run git status one more time:

$ vim benchmarks.rb

$ git status

# On branch master

# Changes to be committed:

# (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage)

# new file: README

# modified: benchmarks.rb

# Changed but not updated:

# (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)

# modified: benchmarks.rb

What the heck? Now benchmarks.rb is listed as both staged and unstaged. How is that possible? It

turns out that Git stages a file exactly as it is when you run the git add command. If you commit now,

the version of benchmarks.rb as it was when you last ran the git add command is how it will go into

the commit, not the version of the file as it looks in your working directory when you run git commit.

If you modify a file after you run git add, you have to run git add again to stage the latest version

of the file:

$ git add benchmarks.rb

$ git status

# On branch master

# Changes to be committed:

# (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage)

# new file: README

# modified: benchmarks.rb

3.2.4. Ignoring Files

Often, you’ll have a class of files that you don’t want Git to automatically add or even show you

as being untracked. These are generally automatically generated files such as log files or files

produced by your build system. In such cases, you can create a file listing patterns to match them

named .gitignore. Here is an example .gitignore file:

$ cat .gitignore

Pro Git

*.[oa]

The first line tells Git to ignore any files ending in .o or .a — object and archive files that may be the

product of building your code. The second line tells Git to ignore all files that end with a tilde (~),

which is used by many text editors such as Emacs to mark temporary files. You may also include a

log, tmp, or pid directory; automatically generated documentation; and so on. Setting up a .gitignore

file before you get going is generally a good idea so you don’t accidentally commit files that you

really don’t want in your Git repository.

The rules for the patterns you can put in the .gitignore file are as follows:

• Blank lines or lines starting with # are ignored.

• Standard glob patterns work.

• You can end patterns with a forward slash (/) to specify a directory.

• You can negate a pattern by starting it with an exclamation point (!).

Glob patterns are like simplified regular expressions that shells use. An asterisk (*) matches zero or

more characters; [abc] matches any character inside the brackets (in this case a, b, or c); a question

mark (?) matches a single character; and brackets enclosing characters separated by a hyphen([0-9])

matches any character between them (in this case 0 through 9) .

Here is another example .gitignore file:

# a comment - this is ignored

*.a # no .a files

!lib.a # but do track lib.a, even though you're ignoring .a files above

/TODO # only ignore the root TODO file, not subdir/TODO

build/ # ignore all files in the build/ directory

doc/*.txt # ignore doc/notes.txt, but not doc/server/arch.txt

3.2.5. Viewing Your Staged and Unstaged Changes

If the git status command is too vague for you — you want to know exactly what you changed,

not just which files were changed — you can use the git diff command. We’ll cover git diff

in more detail later; but you’ll probably use it most often to answer these two questions: What have

you changed but not yet staged? And what have you staged that you are about to commit? Although

git status answers those questions very generally, git diff shows you the exact lines added and

removed — the patch, as it were.

Let’s say you edit and stage the README file again and then edit the benchmarks.rb file without

staging it. If you run your status command, you once again see something like this:

$ git status

# On branch master

# Changes to be committed:

# (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage)

# new file: README

# Changed but not updated:

Pro Git

# On branch master

# Changes to be committed:

# (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage)

# new file: README

# modified: benchmarks.rb

".git/COMMIT_EDITMSG" 10L, 283C

You can see that the default commit message contains the latest output of the git status command

commented out and one empty line on top. You can remove these comments and type your commit

message, or you can leave them there to help you remember what you’re committing. (For an even

more explicit reminder of what you’ve modified, you can pass the -v option to git commit. Doing so

also puts the diff of your change in the editor so you can see exactly what you did.) When you exit the

editor, Git creates your commit with that commit message (with the comments and diff stripped out).

Alternatively, you can type your commit message inline with the commit command by specifying it

after a -m flag, like this:

$ git commit -m "Story 182: Fix benchmarks for speed"

[master]: created 463dc4f: "Fix benchmarks for speed"

2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)

create mode 100644 README

Now you’ve created your first commit! You can see that the commit has given you some output about

itself: which branch you committed to (master), what SHA-1 checksum the commit has (463dc4f),

how many files were changed, and statistics about lines added and removed in the commit.

Remember that the commit records the snapshot you set up in your staging area. Anything you didn’t

stage is still sitting there modified; you can do another commit to add it to your history. Every time

you perform a commit, you’re recording a snapshot of your project that you can revert to or compare

to later.

3.2.7. Skipping the Staging Area

Although it can be amazingly useful for crafting commits exactly how you want them, the staging

area is sometimes a bit more complex than you need in your workflow. If you want to skip the staging

area, Git provides a simple shortcut. Providing the -a option to the git commit command makes Git

automatically stage every file that is already tracked before doing the commit, letting you skip the git

add part:

$ git status

# On branch master

# Changed but not updated:

# modified: benchmarks.rb

$ git commit -a -m 'added new benchmarks'

[master 83e38c7] added new benchmarks

1 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)

Notice how you don’t have to run git add on the benchmarks.rb file in this case before you commit.

剩余209页未读，继续阅读

mingchang716

粉丝: 0
资源: 1

掌握Git最新教程：版本控制与分支管理详解

2小时精通Git最新教程：版本控制与协作开发利器

Git中文教程入门

ProGit中文教程：Git基础与实践

pro git git最新教程

git 教程笔记 git 教程笔记 git 教程笔记 git 教程笔记

Git傻瓜教程Git傻瓜教程PDF

java+git使用教程+git新手教程+版本控制系统git

2018最新git视频教程

git相关教程git客户端

Git使用教程（很详细）git教程

最新资源