AX5043编程手册：安森美窄带射频收发器指南

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"AX5043编程资料，英文文档，由安森美半导体提供，适用于27至1050MHz范围的高性能ASK和FSK窄带收发器的编程指南" AX5043是一款单芯片低功耗CMOS收发器，专为窄带应用设计。该器件在433MHz、868MHz和915MHz的ISM频段内集成了一个全集成压控振荡器（VCO），通过外部VCO电感器可以支持27MHz到1050MHz的载波频率。芯片上的收发器包括一个完全集成的射频前端，配有一个调制器和解调器，确保了高效的数据传输。 AX5043的基带数据处理在一个先进的通信控制器中实现，这个控制器具有高度的灵活性，用户可以通过SPI接口实现友好通信。此外，芯片内置的低功耗振荡器以及 Wake-on-Radio 功能使得AX5043能够应用于极低功耗的待机模式。值得注意的是，AX5043还可以与AX8052F100微控制器集成在一起，形成AX8052F143单一集成电路，这种设计进一步增强了其功能和应用范围。文档中的图1展示了AX5043的模块化结构，涵盖了其核心组成部分，包括射频前端、调制解调器、通信控制器和低功耗振荡器等。这份编程手册将深入探讨如何有效地利用这些特性来编程和配置AX5043，以满足特定的窄带通信需求。由于文档是英文版，可能需要具备一定的英语阅读能力才能充分理解其中的技术细节。AX5043的应用范围广泛，可能涵盖无线遥控、物联网设备、家庭自动化、医疗设备等多种领域，其高效的低功耗特性使其特别适合于电池供电的远程传感器网络。编程AX5043时，用户需要了解如何通过SPI接口与芯片交互，设置和控制不同的通信参数，如频率设置、调制类型、数据速率、功率等级等。此外，掌握如何利用内部的Wake-on-Radio功能实现智能唤醒和节能操作也是关键。总体来说，这份"AX5043 Programming Manual"对于开发基于AX5043的无线通信系统提供了宝贵的指导，有助于工程师理解和优化其在不同应用环境下的性能。虽然文档语言为英文，但其详尽的内容对于熟悉无线通信和嵌入式系统的专业人士来说，无疑是一份宝贵的参考资料。

AND9347/D

www.onsemi.com

Figure 8 shows the flow chart of the auto-ranging process.

Figure 8. Autoranging Flow Chart

RNGSTART = 1?

Set PWRMODE to POWERDOWN

Disable TCXO if used

RNGERR = 1?

Set RNGSTART of PLLRANGINGA/B

Set PWRMODE to STANDBY

Enable TCXO if used

Wait until crystal oscillator

is ready

yes

Error

Before starting the auto-ranging, the appropriate

frequency registers (FREQA3, FREQA2, FREQA1 and

FREQA0 or FREQB3, FREQB2, FREQB1 and FREQB0)

need to be programmed. Auto-ranging starts at the VCOR

(register PLLRANGINGA or PLLRANGINGB) setting;

if you already know the approximately correct synthesizer

VCO range, you should set VCORA/VCORB to this value

prior to starting auto-ranging; this can speed up the ranging

process considerably. If you have no prior knowledge about

the correct range, set VCORA/VCORB to 8. Starting with

VCORA/VCORB < 6 should be avoided, as the initial

synthesizer frequency can exceed the maximum frequency

specification.

Hardware clears the RNG START bit automatically as

soon as the ranging is finished; the device may be

programmed to deliver an interrupt on resetting of the RNG

START bit.

Waiting until auto-ranging terminates can be performed

by either polling the register PLLRANGINGA or

PLLRANGINGB for RNG START to go low, or by enabling

the IRQMPLLRNGDONE interrupt in register

IRQMASK1.

Choosing the Fundamental Communication

Characteristics

The following table lists the fundamental communication

characteristics that need to be chosen before the device can

be programmed.

Table 20. FUNDAMENTAL COMMUNICATION CHARACTERISTIC

Parameter Description

XTAL

Frequency of the connected crystal in Hz

modulation FSK, MSK, OQPSK, 4−FSK or AFSK (for recommendations see below)

CARRIER

Carrier frequency (i.e. center frequency of the signal) in Hz

BITRATE Desired bit rate in bit/s

h Modulation index, determines the frequency deviation for FSK

32 > h ≥ 0.5 for FSK, 4−FSK or AFSK, f

deviation

= 0.5 * h * BITRATE

h = 0.5 for MSK and OQPSK

(For AFSK, f

deviation

is usually set according to the FM channel specification. For 25 kHz channels, it is

often approximately 3 kHz)

encoding Inversion, differential, manchester, scrambled, for recommendations see the description of the register

ENCODING.

The following table gives an overview of the trade-offs

between the different modulations that AX5043 offers, they

should be considered when making a choice.

Table 21. TRADE-OFFS BETWEEN THE DIFFERENT MODULATION

Modulation Trade-offs

XTAL

Frequency of the connected crystal in Hz

FSK For bit rates up to 125 kbit/s

Frequency deviation is a free parameter

AND9347/D

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Table 21. TRADE-OFFS BETWEEN THE DIFFERENT MODULATION (continued)

Modulation Trade-offs

MSK For bit rates up to 125 kbit/s

Robust and spectrally efficient form of FSK (Modulation is the same as FSK with h = 0.5)

Frequency deviation given by bit rate

The advantage of MSK over FSK is that it can be demodulated with higher sensitivity.

Slightly longer preambles required than for FSK

OQPSK For bit rates up to 125 kbit/s

Very similar to MSK, with added precoding / postdecoding

For new designs, use MSK instead

PSK For bit rates up to 125 kBit/s

Spectrally efficient and high sensitivity

Very accurate frequency reference (maximum carrier frequency deviation ±

⋅ BITRATE) and long

preambles required

4−FSK For bit rates up to 100 kSymbols/s, or 200 kbit/s

Similar to FSK, but four frequencies are used to transmit 2 bits simultaneously

Very slightly more spectrally efficient compared to FSK

((1 + 3 h/2) ⋅ BITRATE versus (1 + h) ⋅ BITRATE) for small h.

Longer preambles required as frequency offset estimation needs to be more precise to successfully

demodulate

For new designs, use FSK instead

AFSK For bit rates up to 25 kbit/s

Bits are FSK modulated in the audio band, then frequency modulated on the carrier frequency.

For legacy compatibility applications only.

Given these fundamental physical layer parameters,

AX_RadioLab should be used to compute the register

settings of the AX5043.

Framing

Figure 1 shows the block diagram of the AX5043. After

the user writes a transmit packet into the FIFO, the Radio

Controller sequences the transmitter start-up, and signals the

Packet Controller to read the packet from the FIFO and add

framing bits, allowing the receiver to lock to the transmit

waveform, and to detect packet and byte boundaries. If MSB

first is selected (register PKTADDRCFG), then the bits

within each byte are swapped when the data is read out from

the FIFO.

The Packet Controller also (optionally) adds cyclic

redundancy check bits at the end of the packet, to enable the

receiver to detect transmission errors. Both 16 and 32 Bit

CRC can be selected, as well as different generator

polynomials. The CRC polynomial can be selected in

supported:

• CRC-CCITT (16bit):

(hexadecimal: 0x1021)

• CRC-16 (16bit):

+ x

+ 1

(hexadecimal: 0x8005)

• CRC-DNP (16bit):

+ x

+ 1

(hexadecimal: 0x3D65)

This polynomial is used for Wireless M-Bus.

• CRC-32 (32bit):

+ x

(hexadecimal: 0x04C11DB7)

The CRC is always transmitted MSB first regardless of

the MSB first setting of register PKTADDRCFG, to enable

the receiver to process CRC bits as they arrive (otherwise,

they would have to be stored and reordered). For an in-depth

guide on how CRC’s are computed, see [3].

Finally, the encoder is able to perform certain bit-wise

operations on the bit-stream:

• Manchester:

Manchester transmits a one bit as 10 and a zero bit as

01, i.e. it doubles the data rate on the radio channel. Its

advantage is that the resulting bit-stream has many

transitions and thus simplifies synchronizing to the

transmission on the receiver side. The downside is that

it now requires twice the amount of energy for the

transmission. Manchester is not recommended, except

for compatibility with legacy systems.

• Scrambler:

The scrambler ensures that even highly regular transmit

data results in a seemingly random transmitted

bit-stream. This avoids discrete tones in the spectrum.

Do not confuse the scrambler with encryption – it does

not provide any secrecy, its actions are easily reversed.

Its use is recommended.

• Differential:

Differential transmits zero bits as constant level, and

one bits as level change. This allows to accomodate

AND9347/D

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modulations that can invert the bit-stream, such as PSK.

It is available for compatibility with other Axsem

transceivers, but usually not used on the AX5043.

• Inversion:

If on, the bit-stream is inverted. Useful for example for

compatibility with legacy systems, such as POCSAG,

which differ from the usual convention that the higher

FSK frequency signifies a one.

The encoder is controlled using the register ENCODING.

It may be temporarily bypassed except for the inversion by

setting the UNENC bit of the FIFO chunks DATA or

REPEATDATA. This is useful for synthesizing preambles.

The receiver performs these tasks in reverse order.

Transmitter

Figure 9 shows the transmitter flow chart. The

microprocessor first places the chip into FULLTX mode.

This prepares the chip for a future transmission, enables the

FIFO in transmit direction, but does not yet power-up the

synthesizer or any other transmit circuitry.

The microprocessor can now write the preamble and the

actual packet to the FIFO. The preamble is programmable to

allow standards to be implemented that specify a specific

preamble to be used. Otherwise, the recommendations for

preambles can be found below.

Waiting for the crystal oscillator to start up may be

performed by polling the register XTALSTATUS, or by

enabling the IRQMXTALREADY interrupt in register

IRQMASK1.

After the FIFO contents are committed (writing the

Commit command to the FIFOSTAT register), the

transmitter notices that the FIFO is no longer empty. It then

powers up the synthesizer and settles it (registers

TMGTXBOOST and TMGTXSETTLE determine the

timing). The Preamble and the Packet(s) are then

transmitted, followed by the transmitter and synthesizer

shut-down.

The transmitter is automatically ramped up and down

smoothly, to prevent unwanted spurious emissions. The

ramp time is normally one bit time, but may be longer by

changing the SLOWRAMP field of register MODCFGA.

The PWRMODE register should stay at FULLTX until

the transmission is fully completed. The end of the

transmission may be determined by polling the register

RADIOSTATE until it indicates idle, or by enabling the

radio controller interrupt (bit IRQMRADIOCTRL) in

signal an interrupt at the end of transmission (bit

REVMDONE of register RADIOEVENTMASK0).

Set PWRMODE to POWERDOWN

Disable TCXO if used

Wait until transmission is done

Commit FIFO

Wait until crystal oscillator

is running

Write Packet to FIFO

Write Preamble to FIFO

Set PWRMODE to FULLTX

Enable TCXO if used

Figure 9. Transmitter Flow Chart

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