英语语法指南：名词篇精要

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"Collins+Cobuild+English+Grammar.pdf" 是一本关于英语语法的教材，专注于名词群体的讲解。在英语语法中，名词（Noun）是词汇的基础部分之一，用于指代人、事物、地点或概念。本书对名词群体进行了深入探讨，包括以下关键知识点： 1. 名词的位置：名词在句子中的位置通常紧随其限定词或修饰语之后，作为句子的主要成分，如主语或宾语。 2. 普通名词与专有名词：普通名词（common nouns）指的是通用的名字，如“book”；而专有名词（proper nouns）则是特定的、独一无二的名字，如“London”。 3. 限定词与普通名词：限定词（determiners）如冠词（a/an/the）、指示代词（this/that/these/those）等，用来特指或泛指名词。 4. 不定代词：例如“some”、“any”、“many”等，用于表示不特定的数量或个体。 5. 修饰词与限定词（modifiers and qualifiers）：这些词用来提供关于名词的额外信息，如形容词“blue”修饰名词“sky”。 6. 数量与量化词（numbers and quantifiers）：如基数词和序数词，以及“few”，“several”，“many”等，用以表达名词的数量。 7. 首字母大写：在某些情况下，如专有名词、句子开头或某些特定词汇（如月份、星期）中，首字母需要大写。 8. 名词与动词的数一致（noun-verb agreement）：动词的形式应与它所对应的名词的数保持一致，即单数名词搭配单数动词，复数名词搭配复数动词。 9. 名词的单复数形式：大多数名词有单数和复数两种形式，如“cat”和“cats”。 10. 单数形式表示复数意义：有些名词，如“people”，即使形式上是单数，但实际表示复数概念。 11. 不可数名词列表：提供了一些英语中的不可数名词（uncountable nouns），它们不能与数量词直接搭配，如“water”。 12. 质量名词：表示性质或特征的名词，如“kindness”。 13. -ess后缀和-woman：某些名词通过添加“-ess”（如“waitress”）或“-woman”（如“woman writer”）来指代女性。 14. 可数与不可数名词：某些名词既是可数又是不可数，取决于其含义，如“fruit”。 15. 名词与非谓语动词（delexical verbs）：一些动词如“do”，“make”等，常与名词一起使用，名词在这里起到动词的作用。 16. 用法提示（USAGE NOTES）：书中提供了许多用法提示，帮助读者理解和掌握正确的用法。 17. 名词与代词：包括不同类型的代词（如主格和宾格）及其用法，如“it”，“we”，“one”等。 18. 标题与无名头衔：在没有具体名称的情况下，如何使用头衔。 19. 罕见单独使用的名词：某些名词通常需要修饰词或限定词才能使用。 20. 名词所有格：总是与物主代词（如“my”，“your”）或's所有格一起出现。 21. 创造性的特点（PRODUCTIVE FEATURE）：讨论了如何通过添加前缀或后缀创造新名词，如“beautiful”变为“beauty”。 22. 警告（WARNINGS）：提醒读者注意特定的语法规则或陷阱，避免错误。这本书详细而全面地介绍了名词的各个方面，是学习和提升英语语法知识的宝贵资源。

Similarly, some uncount nouns can be mass nouns when they refer to types of something. For

example, `cheese' is usually an uncount noun but you can talk about `a large range of cheeses'.

Mass nouns referring to different types of a substance are mainly used in technical contexts. For

example `steel' is nearly always an uncount noun, but in contexts where it is important to distin-

guish between different kinds of steel it can be a mass noun.

…imports of European steel.

…the use of small amounts of nitrogen in making certain steels.

1.32 list of mass nouns

list of mass nouns list of mass nouns 1.32 The following is a list of frequently used mass no-

uns: adhesive, beer, brandy, cake, cheese, claret, cloth, coal, coffee, cognac, coke, cotton, curry,

deodorant, detergent, disinfectant, dye, fabric, fertilizer, fuel, fur, gin, glue, ink, insecticide, iron,

jam, jelly, juice, lager, liqueur, lotion, meat, medicine, metal, milk, oil, ointment, ore, paint, per-

fume, plastic, pesticide, poison, preservative, soap, ribbon, salad, sauce, sherry, soup, soil, steel,

sugar, tea, vodka, whisky, wine, wood, wool, yarn, yoghurt

1.33 nouns that are uncount and count

nouns that are uncount and count nouns that are uncount and count 1.33 There are also some

other nouns that can be uncount nouns when they refer to a thing in general, and count nouns

when they refer to a particular instance of it. Some nouns are commonly both uncount nouns and

count nouns. For example, `victory' refers to the idea of winning in general but `a victory' refers

to a particular occasion when someone wins.

Just as we gained fame in victory, we lost nothing in defeat.

She is still waiting and yearning for her first victory.

Many parents were alarmed to find themselves in open conflict with the church.

Russia had been successful in previous conflicts. Some uncount nouns are rarely or never co-

unt nouns; that is, they do not occur in a plural form, or with a number.

…a collection of fine furniture.

We found Alan weeping with relief and joy.

He saved money by refusing to have a telephone.

1.34 uncount nouns ending in `-s'

uncount nouns ending in `-s' uncount nouns ending in `-s' 1.34 Some nouns which end in `-s'

and look as if they are plural are in fact uncount nouns. This means that when they are the subj-

ect of a verb, the verb is in the singular. These nouns refer mainly to subjects of study, activities,

games, and diseases.

Physics is fun.

Politics plays a large part in village life.

Economics is the oldest of the social sciences.

Billiards was gradually replaced by bridge.

Measles is in most cases a relatively harmless disease. Here are three lists of uncount nouns

ending in `-s'. These nouns refer to subjects of study and activities: acoustics, aerobics, aerodyna-

mics, aeronautics, athletics, classics, economics, electronics, genetics, linguistics, logistics, mat-

hematics, mechanics, obstetrics, physics, politics, statistics, thermodynamics Note that some of

these nouns are occasionally used as plural nouns, especially when you are talking about a parti-

cular person's work or activities.

His politics are clearly right-wing. These nouns refer to games: billiards, bowls, cards, darts,

draughts, skittles, tiddlywinks These nouns refer to diseases: diabetes, measles, mumps, rabies,

rickets, shingles 1.35 When there is only one of something: singular nouns When there is only

one of something: singular nouns When there is only one of something: singular nouns 1.35 The-

re are certain things in the world that are unique. There are other things which you almost always

want to talk about one at a time. This means that there are some nouns, or more often some me-

anings of nouns, for which only a singular form is used. When a noun is used with such a me-

aning, it is called a singular noun. Singular nouns are always used with a determiner, because

they behave like the singular form of a count noun.

1.36 noun-verb agreement

noun-verb agreement noun-verb agreement 1.36 When you use a singular noun as the subject

of a verb, you use a singular form of the verb.

The sun was shining.

The atmosphere is very relaxed.

1.37 things that are unique

things that are unique things that are unique 1.37 Some singular nouns refer to one specific

thing and therefore are used with `the'. Some of these nouns, in fact, refer to something of which

there is only one in the world.

There were huge cracks in the ground.

The moon had not yet reached my window.

Burning tanks threw great spirals of smoke into the air.

He's always thinking about the past and worrying about the future.

1.38 using the context

using the context using the context 1.38 Other singular nouns can be used to refer to one thing

only when it is obvious from the context what you are referring to. For example, if you are in Le-

eds and say `I work at the university', you will almost certainly mean Leeds University. Howe-

ver, in the following examples we cannot be sure exactly who or what the singular noun refers

to, because we do not have enough context.

In many countries the market is small numerically.

Their company looks good only because the competition looks bad.

You've all missed the point. Unless we are told which goods or products are being talked abo-

ut, we cannot be sure which group of potential buyers `the market' refers to. Similarly we do not

know exactly which company or group of companies `the competition' refers to. In the last

example, the speaker or writer is presumably going to tell us what he or she thinks `the point' is.

1.39 used with delexical verbs

used with delexical verbs used with delexical verbs 1.39 There are some activities which you

do not usually do more than once at a time. The nouns that refer to them are usually the object of

a verb, and are used with the determiner `a'. In this structure the verb has very little meaning and

the noun carries most of the meaning of the whole structure. The verbs in such structures are cal-

led delexical verbs. For more information about these, see paragraphs 3.33 to 3.46.

I went and had a wash.

Bruno gave it a try. Some singular nouns are used so regularly with a particular verb that they

have become fixed phrases and are idiomatic.

I'd like very much for you to have a voice in the decision.

Isn't it time we made a move?

1.40 singular noun structures

singular noun structures singular noun structures 1.40 There are two special kinds of structure

in which a singular noun is used. A singular noun is sometimes used with the determiner `a' as

the complement of a clause. See paragraphs 3.127 to 3.182 for more information about comple-

ments.

Decision-making is an art.

The quickest way was by using the car. It was a risk but he decided it had to be taken.

They were beginning to find Griffiths' visits rather a strain. A singular noun is sometimes used

with the determiner `the', followed by a prepositional phrase beginning with `of'.

Cultivate the art of reading upside down.

Old diesel locomotives will be replaced by newer ones to reduce the risk of breakdown.

He collapsed under the strain of a heavy workload. This group includes nouns used metaphori-

cally; see paragraph 1.65 for more details. Some singular nouns are always used to refer to one

particular quality or thing, but are rarely used alone, that is they need to be specified in some

way by the use of supporting material. They can be used with a number of different determiners.

There was a note of satisfaction in his voice.

Bessie covered the last fifty yards at a tremendous pace.

Simon allowed his pace to slacken.

She was simply incapable of behaving in a rational and considered manner.

…their manner of rearing their young. Nouns which are rarely used alone without supporting

material are discussed in detail in paragraphs 1.60 to 1.66.

1.41 USAGE NOTE

1.41

Some nouns are used in the singular with a particular meaning only in an idiomatic phrase.

They have the appearance of singular nouns, but they are not used as freely as singular nouns.

What happens down there is none of my business.

It's a pity I can't get to him. 1.42 Referring to more than one thing: plural nouns Referring to

more than one thing: plural nouns Referring to more than one thing: plural nouns 1.42 There are

some things which are thought of as being plural rather than singular, so some nouns have only a

plural form. For example, you can buy `goods', but not `a good'. These nouns are called plural

nouns. Other nouns have only a plural form when they are used with a particular meaning. For

example, an official meeting between American and Russian leaders is usually referred to as

`talks' rather than as `a talk'. In these meanings, these nouns are also called plural nouns.

Union leaders met the company for wage talks on October 9.

It is inadvisable to sell goods on a sale or return basis.

Take care of your clothes.

The weather conditions were the same.

All proceeds are going to charity.

Employees can have meals on the premises. Note that some plural nouns do not end in `-s': for

example `clergy', `police', `poultry', and `vermin'.

1.43 noun-verb agreement

noun-verb agreement noun-verb agreement 1.43 When you use a plural noun as the subject of

a verb, you use a plural form of the verb.

Expenses for attending meetings are sometimes claimed.

The foundations were shaking.

Refreshments were on sale in the caf?.

Attempts were made where resources were available.

1.44 use with modifiers and qualifiers

use with modifiers and qualifiers use with modifiers and qualifiers 1.44 You do not usually

use numbers in front of these nouns. You can, however, use some general determiners such as

`some' or `many'. For more information about the general determiners which can be used with

plural nouns, see the section beginning at paragraph 1.208. Some plural nouns usually have a

specific determiner in front of them, because they are specific; some never have a determiner at

all, because they are very general; and some are rarely used alone without a modifier or qualifier,

because they need supporting material. The lists in the following two paragraphs contain some

common plural nouns which are frequently used in one of these ways. Many of them have other

meanings in which they are count nouns.

1.45 with or without determiners

with or without determiners with or without determiners 1.45 Some plural nouns are most

commonly used with `the'.

Things are much worse when the rains come.

The authorities are concerned that the cocaine may be part of an international drug racket.

He considered taking Mrs Burns to the pictures to see `Gone With The Wind'. Here is a list of

plural nouns that are most commonly used with `the': authorities, foundations, fruits, heavens,

mains, odds, pictures, races, rains, sights, waters, wilds Some plural nouns are most commonly

used with a possessive determiner such as `my' or `his'.

It offended her feelings.

My travels up the Dalmatian coast began in Dubrovnik.

The last thing she will do is add to her troubles. Here is a list of plural nouns that are most

commonly used with a possessive determiner: activities, attentions, feelings, likes, movements,

reactions, terms, travels, troubles, wants Some plural nouns are most commonly used without a

determiner.

There were one or two cases where people returned goods.

There is only one applicant, which simplifies matters.

Several of the men were covered in vermin. Here is a list of plural nouns that are most com-

monly used without a determiner: airs, appearances, events, expenses, figures, goods, matters,

refreshments, riches, solids, talks, vermin Some plural nouns can be used both with or without

determiners.

The city was dominated by clergy.

He had summoned the clergy.

A luxury hotel was to be used as headquarters.

General Boris Gronov arrived at his headquarters yesterday.

We didn't want it to dampen spirits which were required to remain positive.

Jessica has been keeping up the spirits of her family and friends. Here is a list of plural nouns

that can be used with or without a determiner: arms, basics, brains, clergy, costs, directions, es-

sentials, greens, grounds, handcuffs, headquarters, interests, looks, means, morals, papers, parti-

culars, plans, police, poultry, premises, proceeds, rates, resources, specifics, spirits, supplies,

talks, thanks, tracks, troops, values

1.46 other modifiers and qualifiers

other modifiers and qualifiers other modifiers and qualifiers 1.46 Some plural nouns are rarely

used alone without a modifier or qualifier, because they need supporting material.

It did wonders for one's own good manners.

…the hidden pressures of direct government funding.

Naval forces are excluded from the talks. Here is a list of plural nouns that are rarely used alo-

ne without a modifier or qualifier: affairs, clothes, conditions, defences, demands, details, ef-

fects, forces, hopes, lines, manners, materials, matters, pressures, proportions, quarters, relations,

remains, sands, services, thoughts, wastes, ways, words, works, writings

1.47 typical meanings: clothes and tools

typical meanings: clothes and tools typical meanings: clothes and tools 1.47 Two special gro-

ups of nouns are usually plural: nouns referring to clothes and some other things that people we-

ar, and nouns referring to tools and some other things that people use. This is because some clot-

hes and tools, such as `trousers' and `scissors', are made up of two similar parts.

She wore brown trousers and a green sweater.

He took off his glasses.

…using the pliers from the toolbox. When you want to refer to these items in general, or to an

unspecified number of them, you use the plural form with no determiner.

Never poke scissors into a light bulb socket.

The man was watching the train through binoculars. Here is a list of some plural nouns which

refer to clothes and other things that people wear: bermudas, braces, briefs, cords, corduroys, cu-

lottes, dungarees, flannels, flares, galoshes, glasses, jeans, jodhpurs, knickerbockers, knickers,

leggings, overalls, panties, pants, pyjamas, shorts, slacks, specs, spectacles, sunglasses, tights,

trousers, trunks, underpants Here is a list of plural nouns which refer to tools and other things

that people use: binoculars, clippers, compasses, dividers, field-glasses, nutcrackers, pincers, pli-

ers, scales, scissors, secateurs, shears, tongs, tweezers When you want to refer to a single piece

of clothing or a single tool, you can use `some' or `a pair of' in front of the noun. You can refer to

more than one item by using a number or a quantifier with `pairs of'.

I got some scissors out of the kitchen drawer.

I was sent out to buy a pair of scissors.

He was wearing a pair of old grey trousers.

Liza has three pairs of jeans. You can also use `a pair of' when you are talking about things

such as gloves, shoes, and socks which typically occur in twos.

…a pair of new gloves. A possessive determiner such as `my' can be used instead of `a'.

…his favourite pair of shoes. When you use `a pair of' with a noun in the plural form, the verb

is singular if it is in the same clause. If the verb is in a following relative clause, it is usually plu-

ral.

It is likely that a new pair of shoes brings more happiness to a child than a new car brings to a

grown-up.

I always wear a pair of long pants underneath, or a pair of pyjamas is just as good.

He put on a pair of brown shoes, which were waiting there for him.

He wore a pair of earphones, which were plugged into a tape-recorder. You use a plural pro-

noun after `a pair of'.

She went to the wardrobe, chose a pair of shoes, put them on and leaned back in the chair.

He brought out a pair of dark glasses and handed them to Walker. 1.48 Referring to groups:

collective nouns Referring to groups: collective nouns Referring to groups: collective nouns 1.48

There are a number of nouns in English which refer to a group of people or things. These nouns

are called collective nouns. They have only one form, but many collective nouns have other me-

anings in which they are count nouns with two forms.

1.49 singular or plural verb

singular or plural verb singular or plural verb 1.49 When you use a collective noun, you can

use either a singular verb or a plural verb after it. You choose a singular verb if you think of the

group as a single unit, and a plural verb if you think of the group as a number of individuals.

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