Oracle Database 11g R2概念全览：444页权威指南

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Oracle Database Concepts 11g R2 (11.2) 是一部详尽的英文技术文档，共444页，由Oracle及关联公司于2009年9月发布。该书由Lance Ashdown和Tom Kyte两位主要作者撰写，涵盖了Oracle数据库11g Release 2的核心概念和技术细节。它不仅深入解析了Oracle数据库的设计、架构、管理和优化，还集合了多位Oracle专家的贡献，如Drew Adams、David Austin等人，他们在书中分享了丰富的实践经验和技术见解。本书的内容包括但不限于以下几个关键知识点： 1. **数据库体系结构**：介绍了Oracle数据库的基本组成部分，如实例、数据库、表空间、数据块等，以及它们之间的交互关系和工作原理。 2. **SQL语言**：详细解释了Oracle SQL的语法、查询优化、存储过程、函数、触发器等高级特性，帮助读者理解和编写高效的数据库操作。 3. **安全性与权限管理**：探讨了用户身份验证、角色、权限、加密和审计等安全措施，确保数据的保护和合规性。 4. **性能调优**：涵盖了索引设计、分区、并行处理、数据库缓存管理、SQL优化策略等内容，旨在提升数据库系统的响应速度和资源利用率。 5. **存储管理**：讲解了数据文件、重做日志、表空间的不同类型和配置，以及如何根据业务需求进行动态调整。 6. **备份与恢复**：阐述了备份策略、归档模式、闪回功能等，确保在数据丢失或系统故障时能够快速恢复数据。 7. **实时应用和高可用性**：讨论了RAC (Real Application Clusters)、透明数据复制(TDCC)等高级特性，使读者理解如何构建高可用和高性能的Oracle数据库环境。 8. **Oracle Enterprise Manager**：介绍如何通过企业管理器来监控、诊断和管理整个数据库系统，提升运维效率。这本书不仅适合数据库管理员、开发人员，也是对Oracle技术感兴趣的IT专业人士不可或缺的学习资源。版权方面，它受到严格的使用和披露限制，并受到知识产权法律的保护。在阅读和使用过程中，务必遵循许可协议中的规定，确保合法使用。

A Brief Introduction to Relational Databases

1-2 Oracle Database Concepts

The first generation of database management systems included the following types:

■ Hierarchical

A hierarchical database organizes data in a tree structure. Each parent record has

one or more child records, similar to the structure of a file system.

■ Network

A network database is similar to a hierarchical database, except records have a

many-to-many rather than a one-to-many relationship.

The preceding database management systems stored data in rigid, predetermined

relationships. Because no data definition language existed, changing the structure of

the data was difficult. Also, these systems lacked a simple query language, which

hindered application development.

The Relational Model

In his seminal 1970 paper "A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks,"

E. F. Codd defined a relational model based on mathematical set theory. Today, the

most widely accepted database model is the relational model.

A relational database is a database that conforms to the relational model. The

relational model has the following major aspects:

■ Structures

Well-defined objects store or access the data of a database.

■ Operations

Clearly defined actions enable users to manipulate the data and structures of a

database.

■ Integrity rules

Integrity rules govern operations on the data and structures of a database.

A relational database stores data in a set of simple relations. A relation is a set of

tuples. A tuple is an unordered set of attribute values.

A table is a two-dimensional representation of a relation in the form of rows (tuples)

and columns (attributes). Each row in a table has the same set of columns. A relational

database is a database that stores data in relations (tables). For example, a relational

database could store information about company employees in an employee table, a

department table, and a salary table.

Relational Database Management System (RDBMS)

The relational model is the basis for a relational database management system

(RDBMS). Essentially, an RDBMS moves data into a database, stores the data, and

retrieves it so that it can be manipulated by applications. An RDBMS makes a division

between the following types of operations:

■ Logical operations

In this case, a user specifies what content is required. For example, a user requests

the names of all employees or adds an employee record to a table.

See Also:

http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=362685 for an

abstract and link to Codd's paper

A Brief Introduction to Relational Databases

Introduction to Oracle Database 1-3

■ Physical operations

In this case, the RDBMS determines how things should be done and carries out the

operation. For example, after a user queries a table, the database may use an index

to find the requested rows, read the data blocks into memory, and perform many

other steps before returning a result to the user. The RDBMS stores and retrieves

data so that physical operations are transparent to database applications.

Oracle Database is an RDBMS. An RDBMS that implements object-oriented features

such as user-defined types, inheritance, and polymorphism is called an

object-relational database management system (ORDBMS). Oracle Database has

extended the relational model to an object-relational model, making it possible to store

complex business models in a relational database.

A Brief History of Oracle Database

The current version of Oracle Database is the result of over 30 years of innovative

development. Highlights in the evolution of Oracle Database include the following:

■ Founding of Oracle

In 1977 Larry Ellison, Bob Miner, and Ed Oates started the consultancy Software

Development Laboratories, which became Relational Software, Inc. (RSI). In 1983,

RSI became Oracle Systems Corporation and then later Oracle Corporation.

■ First commercially available RDBMS

In 1979, RSI introduced Oracle V2 (Version 2) as the first commercially available

SQL-based RDBMS, a landmark event in the history of relational databases.

■ Portable version of Oracle Database

Oracle Version 3, released in 1983, was the first relational database to run on

mainframes, minicomputers, and PCs. The database was written in C, enabling the

database to be ported to multiple platforms.

■ Enhancements to concurrency control, data distribution, and scalability

Version 4 introduced multiversion read consistency. Version 5, released in 1985,

supported client/server computing and distributed database systems. Version 6

brought enhancements to disk I/O, row locking, scalability, and backup and

recovery. Also, Version 6 introduced the first version of the PL/SQL language, a

proprietary procedural extension to SQL.

■ PL/SQL stored program units

Oracle7, released in 1992, introduced PL/SQL stored procedures and triggers.

■ Objects and partitioning

Oracle8 was released in 1997 as the object-relational database, supporting many

new data types. Additionally, Oracle8 supported partitioning of large tables.

■ Internet computing

Oracle8i Database, released in 1999, provided native support for internet protocols

and server-side support for Java. Oracle8i was designed for internet computing,

enabling the database to be deployed in a multitier environment.

■ Oracle Real Application Clusters (Oracle RAC)

Oracle9i Database introduced Oracle RAC in 2001, enabling multiple instances to

access a single database simultaneously. Additionally, Oracle XML Database

(Oracle XML DB) introduced the ability to store and query XML.

Schema Objects

1-4 Oracle Database Concepts

■ Grid computing

Oracle Database 10g introduced grid computing in 2003. This release enabled

organizations to virtualize computing resources by building a grid infrastructure

based on low-cost commodity servers. A key goal was to make the database

self-managing and self-tuning. Oracle Automatic Storage Management (ASM)

helped achieve this goal by virtualizing and simplifying database storage

management.

■ Manageability, diagnosability, and availability

Oracle Database 11g, released in 2007, introduced a host of new features that

enable administrators and developers to adapt quickly to changing business

requirements. The key to adaptability is simplifying the information infrastructure

by consolidating information and using automation wherever possible.

Schema Objects

One characteristic of an RDBMS is the independence of physical data storage from

logical data structures. In Oracle Database, a database schema is a collection of logical

data structures, or schema objects. A database schema is owned by a database user

and has the same name as the user name.

Schema objects are user-created structures that directly refer to the data in the

database. The database supports many types of schema objects, the most important of

which are tables and indexes.

Tables

A table describes an entity such as employees. You define a table with a table name,

such as employees, and set of columns. In general, you give each column a name, a

data type, and a width when you create the table.

A table is a set of rows. A column identifies an attribute of the entity described by the

table, whereas a row identifies an instance of the entity. For example, attributes of the

employees entity correspond to columns for employee ID and last name. A row

identifies a specific employee.

You can optionally specify rules for each column of a table. These rules are called

integrity constraints. One example is a NOT NULL integrity constraint. This constraint

forces the column to contain a value in every row.

Indexes

An index is an optional data structure created on one or more columns of a table.

Indexes can increase the performance of data retrieval. When processing a request, the

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