VCAP5-DCA深度学习：存储管理与故障恢复

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"VCAP5——DCA学习笔记是一份针对VMWARE VCAP认证考试的复习资料，由作者的实践测试及多个在线资源综合编纂而成。这份笔记涵盖了多个方面，包括官方文档、白皮书、社区文档、Valcolabs、Virtuallanger、Paul Grevink的博客文章以及各种KB文章等。笔记详细记录了实施和管理复杂存储的相关知识点，特别是RAID级别的识别和特性。" 在存储管理中，RAID（Redundant Array of Independent Disks）技术是至关重要的，因为它可以提供性能提升和数据冗余。以下是对各RAID级别的详细说明： 1. RAID 0（Just a Bunch Of Disks，JBOD）：这是一种条带化的配置，不提供任何冗余，因此性能极佳，但数据安全性较低。如果任一硬盘故障，所有数据都将丢失。 2. RAID 1（镜像）：它将数据复制到两个硬盘上，形成一个镜像对。在这种配置下，即使一个硬盘故障，系统仍能正常运行。读取性能优秀，写入性能相当于单个硬盘的写入速度。 3. RAID 3：这种配置包含一个专用的奇偶校验磁盘，至少需要3个磁盘。它可以承受一个硬盘的故障，但在读取时性能良好，写入时由于需要计算和更新奇偶校验，所以写入性能较低。 4. RAID 5（分布式奇偶校验）：所有磁盘上都分布着奇偶校验信息，允许在重建期间容忍一个磁盘的故障。然而，RAID 5在重建过程中存在数据丢失的风险，因为如果第二个硬盘在此期间故障，可能会导致数据丢失。RAID 5至少需要3个磁盘。这些RAID级别的理解是VCAP-DCA考试中的重要内容，因为考生需要能够根据不同的场景和需求选择合适的存储解决方案。除此之外，笔记还可能涉及其他如vSphere的高级管理、故障排查、虚拟机性能优化、网络配置、高可用性设置等多个方面的知识，这些都是VMware VCAP认证考试的重点考察领域。通过深入学习和实践这些内容，考生可以提升自己在虚拟化环境中的管理和问题解决能力。

Understand Different MPP Functionality (pg. 158 Storage Guide)

 VMW_PSP_MRU – Host selects ‘most recently used’ path for I/O. When path becomes available after

failure, the Host does not revert back; default for active/passive arrays

 VMW_PSP_FIXED – Host selects a designated path if configured or 1

working path discovered at

boot time. When path fails, Host reverts to alternate path, but when it becomes re-available, I/O is

reverted back to orig/preferred path

 VMW_PSP_RR – Host uses a path selection algorithm rotating through all actives paths in an A/P

array, or all paths in an A/A array

Perform Command Line Configuration of Multipathing Options (pg. 47-48 CLI Concepts & Examples)

 List details of a given device: esxcli storage nmp device list –d naa.UUID

 Change PSP for a device: esxcli storage nmp device set –d naa.UUID –P

VMW_PSP_FIXED

 List Claim Rules: esxcli storage core claimrule list

1. Matches column – Claim Rule is defined for those devices (i.e. SATA, IDE, Block, etc.)

2. Rule Class column – Claim category (MP, VAAI, Filter)

3. Class column – show Rules that are defined (File parameter) and loaded (Runtime parameter)

a. User-defined Rules should have both ‘File’ and ‘Runtime’ while system-defined will only have

Runtime

 Display PSA Plugins on Host: esxcli storage core plugin list

 Display SATPs on Host: esxcli storage nmp satp list

 Set a preferred path on a device: esxcli storage nmp psp fixed deviceconfig set –d

naa.UUID –p vmhba32:C:0T:1:L1

1. Verify the change took: esxcli storage nmp psp fixed deviceconfig get –d

naa.UUID

 Customize RR plugin: esxcli storage nmp psp roundrobin deviceconfig set –d

naa.ID –I 2500 –t iops

1. Change back to default: esxcli storage nmp psp roundrobin deviceconfig set –d

naa.UUID –t default

2. NOTE: items that can be changed are → -B for bytes, -I for IOPS, -U to allow RR to use an active

non-optimal path

 @joshcoen has a nice video at valcolabs.com/vcap5-dca on Obj 1.3 going over cmd line MPP options

Change a MPP

 GUI

1. Configuration tab > Storage link, select the desired Datastore then Properties hyperlink

2. In the Datastore Properties window, select the Manage Paths button then select the appropriate

Path Selection from the drop-down THEN CLICK THE CHANGE BUTTON or the change doesn’t

save

Configure Software iSCSI Port Binding (pg. 78 Storage Guide; Eric Sloof video:

http://www.ntpro.nl/blog/archives/1790-vSphere-5-Video-iSCSI-User-Interface-support.html)

 This procedure assumes VMkernel PortGroups were previously created for iSCSI use

1. NOTE: the VMkernel PortGroups created for iSCSI cannot have > 1 vmnic associated with it beit

Active or Standby

 Host > Configuration tab > Hardware box > Storage Adapters, select the iSCSI Software Adapter in the

list then the Properties hyperlink

 From the Network tab click the Add button to display the vmnics of the Host

1. If any of the vmnics do not meet the above mentioned requirement (in sub-item 1. above),

vSphere will tell you and you won’t be able to add vmnics; you must correct Teaming in the vSS

VMkernel PortGroups before you can add vmnics (i.e. Port Bind); to do this, you can override the

vSwitch Teaming Policy

 To Port Bind via SSH: esxcli iscsi networkportal add -A vmhba33 -n vmk4

SECTION 2

2.1 – Implement & Maintain Complex Virtual Networks

Identify Common Virtual Switch Configurations (pg. 157 Networking Guide for Best Practices)

 Best Practices

1. Mutliple uplinks per vSS

2. Use VMXNET3 adapter for performance

3. All VMkernel adapters should have similar MTU when connected to a vDS to avoid connectivity issues

4. No Dynamic Binding in a vDS dvPortGroup

5. Place VM traffic on separate pNICs

6. Segregate VMotion traffic via VLAN segmenting a pNIC or use a separate pNIC altogether

7. Separate networks by dedicating a service to a pNIC & vSS or by using PortGroups with VLANs

8. Load Balance (Route Based on Orig IP/IP Hash for NLB)

9. Dedicated vSS for IP Storage (iSCSI, NFS)

10. Secure Mgmt traffic

Configure SMNP

 Host – can only be configured via cmd-line (pg. 135 of CLI Concepts & Examples Guide)

1. Open vSphere CLI (or other cmd-line tool: PowerCLI, Putty to SSH to host)

2. Configure the Community String: vicfg-snmp –c CommunityName

3. Configure UDP Port if not using default port 161: vicfg-snmp -p Port#

4. Configure the Target SNMP Server: vicfg-snmp -t TargetSNMPserver@Port/CommunityName

5. Enable SNMP Agent: vicfg-snmp -E

6. Show Configurations to Ensure Accuracy: vicfg-snmp -show

7. Test Send Commands to SNMP Target/Server: vicfg-snmp -test

8. Full Sample of Commands Needed:

#> cd bin (if not already there)

#> vicfg-snmp –show

#> vicfg-snmp –c public

#> vicfg-snmp –p 162

#> vicfg-snmp –t 192.168.199.5@162/public

#> vicfg-snmp –E

#> vicfg-snmp –show

#> vicfg-snmp –test

*NOTE – there is a .pl extension part of the vicfg command that must be used when vCLI is run directly on

Windows. Also, to prevent the use of clear text username/pwd, a session file can be used in place of the --

username --password parameters. See the CLI Getting Started Guide for procedures to create a session

file. The .pl is not needed if using vMA…just cd to /sbin

 vCenter – can only be configured via vSphere Client (pg. 135 of vCLI Cmd-Line Concepts & Ex’s PDF)

1. Log into vCenter with vSphere Client

2. Click Home > Administration > vCenter Server Settings, select SNMP from the list

3. Configure Settings (SNMP Server, Port, Community String) as Shown Below:

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