2021年8月Linux Format UK：开源教程与创新技术特辑

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Linux Format UK 2021年8月期，第278期刊载了丰富的技术内容，涵盖了开源领域的最新动态和实用技巧。本期杂志的主题包括： 1. **Maker Basics**：新手入门指南，引导读者学习如何使用面包板进行基础硬件实验，这有助于培养对电子制作的兴趣和实践能力。 2. **Multi-Tasking Code with Asynchronous Python Tools**：介绍了如何利用异步编程在没有服务器的情况下实现高效并发处理，这对于编写高效率、低延迟的代码至关重要。 3. **Tutorials & Features**：67页的内容包罗万象，提供了一系列教程，从创建自定义Linux发行版（如基于Yocto的定制系统），到将手机和平板作为第二屏幕的配置方法，展现了Linux的灵活性和多样性。 4. **Build Your Own Custom Linux Distribution**：详细介绍了如何使用Yocto Project构建自己的轻量级Linux发行版，适合有一定技术基础的用户深入了解和定制。 5. **Desktop Virtualisation Review**：对比测评了Gnome Boxes 40、VirtualBox 6.1和VM Workstation 16.1等虚拟化工具，帮助用户选择最适合自己的桌面虚拟环境。 6. **Efficient Server Distro Alternatives**：讨论了CentOS的下一代替代品，这些高效且安全的服务器发行版可能成为市场的新宠，对于服务器管理员来说是一大关注点。 7. **Model with Blender**：可能是一篇关于使用Blender这款开源3D建模软件的文章，展示了其在Linux中的应用和教程。 8. **Recovering Deleted Files**：提供了数据恢复策略和技术，帮助用户解决因误操作导致的数据丢失问题。 9. **Running Chrome OS on a Pi**：探讨了在Raspberry Pi上运行Chrome OS的可能性，可能介绍了如何迁移或优化系统以获得更好的性能。 10. **Faster and Better Servers**：专为服务器优化的实用建议和技巧，提升服务器性能和稳定性。 11. **How-to...**：本期还包含一系列实用的“如何做”教程，涵盖了模型制作、软件安装、系统维护等多个主题。 12. **Meet the Team**：认识了编辑团队，包括Neil Mohr，以及他们的联系方式，为读者提供与杂志作者互动的平台。 13. **Subscription Offer**：鼓励读者订阅并享受数字和印刷版的优惠，同时强调了Linux Format在家庭和个人电脑领域的重要性和普及性。 Linux Format UK 2021年8月刊是一本深入浅出的技术杂志，涵盖了广泛的技术内容，旨在满足不同层次的Linux用户的需求，无论你是初学者还是经验丰富的开发者，都能从中找到有价值的信息和教程。

LXF278

August 2021

www.linuxformat.com

A very different language for sure. I also used a

Novus calculator from 1976 to the mid-80s that

used Reverse Polish Notation. So many memories

in one issue!

Alan Gauld

Neil says…

I usually try not to have quite this much nostalgia in one

issue – it’s a heady drug that we can overdose on – but

it was all proposed at once and so was hard to turn

down! Glad you’re enjoying it. It’s lovely being able to

relive this stuff from the safety of 2021?!

linuxformat.down?

I wonder why the IP-address of the

Linux Format

website has changed? For a couple of days I couldn’t

connect to

www.linuxformat.com

. What’s happened?

Jan Pihlgren

Neil says…

As Jonni documented in great detail in

LXF277

the old

Linux Format

Archive server required a drastic upgrade.

It wasn’t entirely out of the blue, but hosting has

switched from UKFast to AWS, which quite frankly was

long overdue. It’s never actually been done before,

because every time the topic came up with Future’s

lovely Dev-Ops team, it seemed they had to run off with

an urgent task of rebooting

TechRadar.com

something similar. So Jonni did it instead.

So retro

In a recent issue (

LXF275

) Jonnie Bidwell says that

RetroPie is arguably the best emulation platform

available. What is the difference between RetroPie and

RetroArch, and can you reveal why Arch-Lovin’ Jonnie

prefers RetroPie?

Chris Williams

Jonni says…

Did I say that? Incendiary. Fortunately, RetroPie is a Pi

distribution that uses RetroArch (a cross-platform

middleware that works with many emulators via the

libretro library) under the hood and

EmulationStation

a front-end. So the rabbit hole is deep, and I should’ve

said that RetroPie is arguably the best Pi emulation

Helpdex

Do you have a

burning Linux-

related issue

that you want to

discuss? Write

to us at

Linux

Format

, Future

Publishing, Quay

House, The

Ambury, Bath,

BA1 1UA or email

lxf.letters@

futurenet.com

WRITE TO US

Evil squids

The download link for the code to

Escape From The

Evil Space Squids!

on page 48 of

LXF275

just gives a

404 error (https://github.com/lesp/LXF275-

PiUserSpaceEscape/archive/main.zip) Can you help?

Brough

Les Pounder says…

Well that is odd. Looks like Github has updated the URL,

so what we printed was correct at the time of print. The

corrected link is

https://github.com/lesp/LXF275-

PiUser-SpaceEscape/archive/refs/heads/main.zip

Nostalgic

Loved the article on the Commodore PET. I used a

PET in my first year computer science lab to learn to

program, using Pascal, in 1984. It had a 5.25-inch

floppy disk and overheated if used for more than an

hour or so. The uni replaced them the next year with

Sinclair QLs with their horrible tape micro-drives and

clunky keyboards. Personally I preferred the PET!

I also enjoyed the article on Forth. The monitor

program on my old Sun SPARCstation was Forth

based. One of my colleagues wrote a graphical

Pac-Man

style game using it during his lunch breaks.

The Commodore PET

and its iconic shape.

Mailserver

CREDIT:

Rama, CC BY-SA 2.0 FR, https://commons.wikimedia.

org/wiki/File:Commodore_2001_Series-IMG_0448b.jpg

MAILSERVER

August 2021

LXF278

www.techradar.com/pro/linux

Making top-quality mapping

available freely to everyone.

shane_collinge@yahoo.com

platform available, and I should also have mentioned

Lakka. Setting up game controllers, ROMs, network

shares and all the different emulators by hand is quite a

lot of work, so I really admire how RetroPie unifies it with

friendly menus (while still enabling you to manipulate

the underlying OS).

I do play the odd Amiga game via

FS-UAE

on Arch,

in theory I could do this with RetroArch and the

puae

core (the libretro port of UAE), but I ran into some

annoyances with multi-disk titles. Either way, the

emulation of disk sounds is weirdly soothing. Grrrrr

chug chug-clunk.

Totally sane

I find it so refreshing that you act on comments from

readers, such as the subscription renewal this month.

So many organisations either ignore suggestions or

make excuses.

Sorry I’ve been slow getting back to say thank you

for answering my question about SANE (

LXF275

). It

still wouldn’t work, but your answer pointed me in

the right direction.

I finally recalled an issue with permissions that

occurred some while ago which I thought I had

resolve it by some suggestions found online. Clearly

it had not fully sorted it. I bit the bullet and did a

complete re-install and that fixed the issue.

My next step has been to order a book which I

hope will be a good investment.

How Linux Works, 3rd

Edition: What Every Superuser Should Know

, written

by Brian Ward.

Dave Fisher

Neil says…

Thank you for the kind words. Honestly, we do want

your feedback and do listen, although it can take a few

months for suggestions to actually trickle through to

finished articles because of how slowly the wheels of

dead-tree print publishing take to turn.

LETTER OF THE MONTH

More maps

Thank you for the article on OpenStreetMaps. I’ve been a

contributor since I bought a GPSR in 2009. I do think there are a

couple of related programs that deserve a mention. If you have a

Garmin GPSR, you can produce your own maps using freely

downloaded data and the

mkgmap

utility. With a little tuning, you

can change the way roads, areas and points are rendered to suit

your preferences. The maps produced are up to date, more

detailed and don’t include the copyright monitoring “artefacts”

found in commercial mapsets.

And there’s an OSM-based mapping application –

OsmAnd

–

which operates from an offline internal map database, so there’s

none of the “phone home to the mothership” constant reporting

of your location, as involved when using Google Maps or Waze. It’s

also possible to produce your own maps for

OsmAnd

Here are some useful links for those interested:

www.mkgmap.org.uk

– for more details on how to use

mkgmap.

https://osmand.net

– how to use

OsmAnd

for offline maps.

http://katze.tfiu.de/projects/phyghtmap

– use topographical

data from NASA to create OSM contour lines.

Finally, if you want to produce contour overlays then visit

http://

download.geofabrik.de

for daily extracts of the OSM database.

Jon Hobden

Neil says…

Thanks for the recommendations Jon! We were planning on running a

few more mapping tutorials down the line, but it’s one of those

speciality topics that’s hard to

cover well without the

specialist knowledge… but

also because OSM is a crucial

project that we’ve been badly

neglecting, doubly bad as I

use OSM for walks – I find the

detail better than Google,

though as Mike Bedford

points out, the UK’s Ordnance

Survey maps are pretty good.

Anyone else have any

experiences to share?

Powering more things than you might expect.

August 2021

LXF278

www.techradar.com/pro/linux

Capacity:

2TB (1TB)

Form:

M.2 2280

Interface:

PCIe

4.0 x4, NVMe 1.4

Logic:

Phison

PS5018-E18

DRAM:

DDR4

Memory:

Micron 96L TLC

Seq. read:

7,000MBps

2TB, 1TB

Seq. write:

6,850MBps

(5,500 1TB)

Ran. read:

650,000 IOPS

(350,000 1TB)

Ran. write:

700,000 IOPS

2TB & 1TB

Security:

256-bit AES

Endurance:

1,400TB

(700TB 1TB)

Warranty:

Five years

SPECS

VERDICT

Rocket 4 Plus, but not quite matching the Samsung, WD,

or even the Adata at a QD of 1.

The sequential write test shows the Aorus is one of

the fastest filling SSDs we’ve had our hands-on. While it

doesn’t show a full disk dynamic cache, it’s seemingly

more conservative behaviour enables fast performance.

When tested, the SSD wrote 464GB of data at a speed

of 6.9GBps before degrading to 1.8GBps for another

1.18TB before again degrading to a final 1,150MBps

average for the remainder of the test. SLC cache

recovers at a rate of roughly 88GB every five minutes.

Power wise it runs more efficiently than the Rocket 4

Plus, but trails the other Phison models. It gulps down

the most power on average, with peak power

consumption pegging 8.5 watts. At idle, power

consumption is well regulated at 800mW, second-

lowest to the Samsung 980 Pro. When idle the SSD

measures 40C with no airflow, after copying half its

capacity, the surface temperature measured 78°C with

no thermal throttling taking place.

For those on the lookout for a heatsinked SSD that

can keep up with and even trade blows with the best,

Gigabyte’s Aorus Gen4 7000s is a solid offering.

igabyte’s Aorus Gen4

7000s SSD has a well-

crafted heatsink that’s

decked out with plenty of fins. We’d

expect nothing less for a device that

can gulp down over 8.5 watts of

power during the harshest of

workloads. It’s designed to compete

with the best SSDs, and dishes out

up to 7GBps and improves over

earlier Phison E18 NVMe SSD

models. Meanwhile,its nanocarbon-

coated heatsink aims to reduce

temperatures by 20 per cent.

The drive comes in two

capacities, 1TB and 2TB. Each

capacity is rated 7,000MBps read, but the 1TB delivers

5,500MBps write and the 2TB model 6,850MBps. Both

have a five-year warranty and come with respectable

write endurance ratings – up to 700TB per 1TB in

capacity. It’s packaged in a M.2 2280 double-sided form

factor. The included aluminium heatsink measures 11.5x

23.5x76mm with the SSD sandwiched between two

thick thermal pads. The device is powered by Phison’s

second-generation PCIe 4.0 x4 SSD controller, the

PS5018-E18. It leverages DRAM and features a triple-

core architecture that’s paired with the company’s

CoXProcessor 2.0 technology (an extra two R5 CPU

cores) for fast and consistent response. The main CPU

cores are Arm Cortex R5’s clocked at 1GHz, up from

733MHz on its predecessor, the PS5016-E16.

Setting the pace

The Aorus recorded our fastest read test ever and

second-fastest copy, only just pipped by Samsung’s 980

PRO 2TB. Synthetic sequential read/write performance

was very good across all block sizes. At a QD of 1 and

1MB block size, the Aorus 7000s reads much faster than

the InnoGrit-powered Viper VP4300, but lags behind the

Samsung and WD. When writing, however, it scores top

marks, writing at roughly 5,850MBps. In terms of its

random responsiveness, the Aorus is just as fast as the

Aorus Gen4 7000s

Gigabyte’s SSD is the fastest storage this side of

Sean Webster’s

oiled drawers.

It comes with all the features you could ask for from a high-

end enthusiast-grade NVMe SSD and is affordable, too.

FEATURES

9/10

PERFORMANCE

9/10

EASE OF USE

9/10

VALUE

8/10

Rating 9/10

DEVELOPER:

Gigabyte

WEB:

www.aorus.com

PRICE:

£360 (£190 for 1TB model)

Behold the aluminium heatsink.

Phison’s second-

generation

controller keeps

things in check.

REVIEWS

Linux distribution

LXF278

August 2021

www.linuxformat.com

A Lubuntu-

based distro

that offers some

of the finest

open source

geospatial tools

along with

relevant

datasets.

Instead of

simply piling

them into the

distro, the

developers have

configured them

to be usable

right out of the

box. OSGeoLive

is supported by

several

reputable

projects and

organisations,

and supports

multiple

languages.

Minimum

CPU:

1GHz

Memory:

1GB

HDD:

20GB

Build:

64-bit

ISO and VM

IN BRIEF

SPECS

VERDICT

The Navigation and Maps category has some

familiar tools such as the

Marble

virtual globe, as well

OpenStreetMaps

along with its

JOSM

and

editors.

Supplementing the geospatial tools are several

sources of free mapping data. For instance, there’s one

that provides cartographers with public domain maps

that helps them create small-scale world, regional and

country maps, and another that includes both historical

and predicted temperature and precipitation details.

According to the release notes, the latest release has

added a couple of new tools, besides improvements to

the distro’s documentation and translations.

For package management, OSGeoLive relies on

the

Muon

package manager, which uses the default

Ubuntu repositories along with the OSGeoLive’s PPA.

For installation, the distro uses the standard Lubuntu

installer, which is

Calamares

OSGeoLive is one of those distros that’s more than a

sum of its parts. It isn’t just a collection of the best open

source geospatial tools, but has instead been carefully

put together to ensure users can access the tools

straight after booting into the distro.

SGeoLive is a Lubuntu

based distro that pulls

together a library of open

source tools and applications to

support all kinds of geospatial use

cases. The distro isn’t designed as a

general-purpose distro, but rather as

a daily driver for individuals who

work with geospatial tools.

Geospatial refers to all data and

the associated tech that’s used

to acquire, manipulate and store

geographic information. Geospatial

tools are used by data specialists,

science researchers, cartographic

professionals and map hobbyists.

There’s no dearth of robust

open source geospatial tools. The

OSGeoLive distro ships with several of them, which the

developers claim are pre-configured to suit a range of

geospatial use cases. The distro also caters to new

users by helping them sort through the myriad options

and find pre-configured tools to suit all workflows.

The OSGeoLive project is backed by the not-for-

profit OSGeo Foundation, which also supports the

development of several open source geospatial projects.

It also promotes the use of the distro for educational

purposes and for use in the real-world.

Charting the world

OSGeoLive is distributed as a traditional ISO image that

can be copied on a DVD or a USB drive. The advantage

of copying the image to USB is that you can enable

persistence and save any changes you make in the Live

environment. The project also puts out a vmdk virtual

disk that can be attached to VMware and VirtualBox

virtual machines.

OSGeoLive only accepts established open source

projects, but still manages to include about 50

geospatial tools, along with several free world maps and

sample datasets. The specialised programs are all

housed within the Geospatial meta category,which is

further subdivided into relevant groups such as Desktop

GIS, Navigation and Maps,Web Services and more.

Each category lists a handful of tools. While they

wouldn’t be of use to the casual user, the fact that

these are pre-configured goes a long way in helping

the geospatially inclined users to use them for

productive purposes without delay.

There are traditional desktop GIS programs for

viewing, editing and analysing geospatial data. Then

there are browser-based clients, some of which offer

functions that were previously only available in desktop

applications. The distro also includes web services that

can be used to fetch map data in various formats.

OSGeoLive 14.0

Being cooped up in his home office,

Mayank Sharma’s

quest to

travel the world leads him to a distro that brings the world to him.

The perfect daily driver for anyone who works in the

geospatial space, either as a hobbyist or professionally.

FEATURES

8/10

PERFORMANCE

8/10

EASE OF USE

8/10

DOCUMENTATION

8/10

Rating 8/10

DEVELOPER:

OSGeo Foundation

WEB:

https://live.osgeo.org/en/index.html

LICENCE:

LGPL

Desktop includes a file that lists the default usernames and passwords for the various

pre-configured applications.

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