探索LaTeX基础教程：实用资源指南 - CSDN文库

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本资源是一份关于LaTeX的实用教程指南，由印度TeX用户组（Indian TEX Users Group）编撰，作者为E.Krishnan，封面设计者为G.S.Krishna。该教程出版于2003年9月，旨在为用户提供入门级的LaTeX基础知识，帮助他们理解和掌握这个强大的排版系统。 LaTeX是一种基于TeX的排版系统，以其高度的可定制性和专业级的数学公式排版能力而闻名。本教程可能包含对LaTeX基本环境的设置、文档结构介绍、文本格式化、列表、表格、图片插入、参考文献管理以及高级特性如宏包使用等内容。通过引用Donald Knuth的话，强调了LaTeX在美学和实用性上的双重价值，它不仅提供美观的排版效果，而且是科研论文、技术文档等专业出版物的理想选择。教程的发布遵循GNU自由文档许可证，允许用户自由复制、分发和修改，但需保持版权声明和许可条款不变。网络上可以在线获取这份教程的最新版本，网址为http://www.tug.org.in/tutorials.html。此外，作者强调，在编写教程的过程中，他们自身深受LaTeX的魅力吸引，并希望读者能从中获得类似的乐趣和满足感，同时认识到LaTeX在实际工作中的实用价值。对于初学者而言，这本教程将是一个宝贵的资源，它提供了清晰的步骤和实例，使读者能够快速上手并逐步提升LaTeX技能。无论是在学术研究、报告撰写还是项目文档编制中，了解并掌握LaTeX都将极大地提高工作效率和文档质量。因此，无论是为了美观还是为了高效，学习和使用LaTeX都是值得投入时间和精力的。

16 I. THE BASICS

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\noindent This is to certify that Mr. N. O. Vice has undergone a

course at this institute and is qualified to be a \TeX nical Expert.

\begin{flushright}

{\sffamily The Director\\

The \TeX nical Institute}

\end{flushright}

and this produces

The T

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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr. N. O. Vice has undergone a course at this institute and is

qualiﬁed to be a T

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Xnical Expert.

The Director

The T

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Xnical Institute

18 II. THE DOCUMENT

II.1.3. Page formats

There are options for setting the contents of each page in a single column (as is usual) or

in two columns (as in most dictionaries). This is set by the options

onecolumn twocolumn

and the default is onecolumn.

There is also an option to specify w hether the document will be ﬁnally printed on just

one side of each paper or on both sides. The names of the options are

oneside twoside

One of the differences is that with the twoside option, page numbers are printed on

the right on odd-numbered pages and on the left on even numbered pages, so that when

these printed back to back, the numbers are always on the outside, for better visibility.

(Note that L

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X has no control over the actual printing. It only makes the formats for

different types of printing.) The default is oneside for article, report and letter and

twoside for book.

In the report and book class there is a provision to specify the different chapters (we

will soon see how). Chapters always begin on a new page, leaving blank space in the

previous page, if necessary. With the book class there is the additional restriction that

chapters begin only on odd-numbered pages, leaving an entire page blank, if need b e.

Such behavior is controlled by the options,

openany openright

The default is openany for reportclass (so that chapters begin on “any” new page)

and openright for the book class (so that chapters begin only on new right, that is, odd

numbered, page).

There is also a provision in L

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X for formatting the “title” (the name of t he docu-

ment, author(s) and so on) of a document with special typographic consideration. In the

article class, this part of the document is printed along with the text following on the

ﬁrst page, while for report an d book, a separate title page is printed. These are set by the

options

notitlepage titlepage

As noted above, the default is notitlepage for article and titlepage for report and

book. As with the other options, the default behavior can be overruled by explicitly

specifying an option with the documentclass command.

There are some other options to the documentclass which we will discuss in the rele-

vant context.

II.2. PA GE STYLE

Having decided on the overall appearance of the document through the \documentclass

command with its various options, we next see how we ca n set the style for the individual

pages. In L

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X parlance, each page has a “head” and “foot” usually containing such

information as the current page number or the current chapter or section. Just what goes

where is set by the command

\pagestyle{...}

where the mandatory argument can be an y one of the following styles

plain empty headings myheadings

The behavior pertaining to each of these is given below:

II.3. PAGE NUMBERING 19

plain The page head is empty and the foot contains just the page number, cen-

tered with respect to the width of the text. This is the default for the

article class if no \pagestyle is speciﬁed in the preamble.

empty Both the head and foot are empty. In particular, no page numbers are

printed.

headings This is the default for the book class. The foot is empty and the head

contains the page number and names of the chapter section or subsection,

depending on the document class and it s options as given below:

CLASS OPTION LEFT PAGE RIGHT PAGE

book, report

one-sided — chapter

two-sided chapter section

article

one-sided — section

two-sided section subsection

myheadings The same as headings, except that the ‘section’ information in the head

are not predetermined, but to be given explicitly using the commands

\markright or \markboth as described below.

Moreover, we can customize the style for the current page only using the command

\thispagestyle{style}

where style is the name of one of the st yles above. For example, the page number may

be suppressed for the current page alone by the command \thispagestyle{empty}. Note

that only the printing of the page number is suppressed. The next page will be numbered

with the next number and so on.

II.2.1. Heading declarations

As we mentioned above, in the page style myheadings, we have to specify the text to

appear on the head of every page. It is don e with one of the commands

\markboth{left head{right head}

\markright{right head}

where left head is the text to appear in the head on left-hand pages and right head is the

text to appear on the right-hand pages.

The \markboth comm and is used with the twoside option with even numbered pages

considered to be on the left and odd numbered pages on the right. With oneside option,

all pages are considered to be ri ght-hand ed and so in this case, the command \markright

can be used. These commands can also be used to override the default head set by the

headings style.

Note that these give only a limited control over the head and foot. since the general

format, including the font used an d the placement of the page number, is ﬁxed by L

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X.

Better customization of the head and foot are offered by the package fancyhdr, which is

included in most L

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X distributions.

II.3. PA GE NUMBERING

The style of page numbers can be speciﬁed by the command

\pagenumbering{...}

The possible arguments to this command and the resulting style of the numbers are given

below:

20 II. THE DOCUMENT

arabic Indo-A rabic numerals

roman lowercase Roman numerals

Roman upper case Roman numerals

alph lowercase English letters

Alph uppercase English letters

The default value is arabic. This command resets the page counter. Thus for example, to

number all the pages in the ‘Preface’ with lowercase Roman numerals and the rest of the

document with Indo-Arabic numerals, declare \pagenumbering{roman} at the beginning

of the Preface and issue the command \pagestyle{arabic} immediately after the ﬁrst

\chapter command. (The \chapter{...} command starts a new chapter. We will come

to it soon.)

We can make the pages start with any number we want by the command

\setcounter{page}{number}

where number is the page number we wish the current page to have.

II.4. FORMATTING LENGTHS

Each page that L

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X produces consists not only of a head an d foot as discussed above

but also a body (surprise!) containing the actual text. In formatting a page, L

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X uses

the width and heights of these parts of the page a nd various other lengths such as the

left an d right margins. The values of these lengths are set by th e paper size options and

the page format and style commands. For example, the page layout with values of these

lengths for an odd page and even in this book are separately shown below.

These lengths can all be changed with the command \setlength. For example,

\setlength{\textwidth}{15cm}

makes the width of text 15 cm. The package geometry gives easier interfaces to customize

page format.

II.5. PARTS OF A DOCUMENT

We now turn our attention to the contents of the document itself. Documents (especially

longer ones) are divided into chapters, sections and so on. There may be a title part

(sometimes even a separate title page) and an abstract. All these require special typo-

graphic considerations and L

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X has a number of features which automate this task.

II.5.1. Title

The “title” part of a do cument usually consists of the name of the document, the name

of author(s) and sometimes a date. To produce a title, we make use of the commands

\title{document name}

\author{author names}

\date{date text}

\maketitle

Note that after specifying the arguments of \title, \author and \date, we must issue the

command \maketitle for this part to be typeset.

By default, all entries produced by these commands are centered on the lines in which

they appear. If a title text is too long to ﬁt in one line, it will be broken automatically.

However, we can choose the break points with the \\ command.

If there are several authors and their names are separated by the \and command, then

the names appear side by side. Thus

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