OAuth2.0授权框架详解

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"OAuth2.0授权框架的详细文档，涵盖了认证流程、原理及不同认证方式的应用。" OAuth2.0是互联网上广泛采用的一种安全授权协议，它允许第三方应用在用户（资源所有者）的授权下，访问HTTP服务中的受限资源，或者允许第三方应用代表自身获取访问权限。OAuth2.0的出现是为了取代并改进了之前的OAuth1.0协议（如RFC5849所述）。 OAuth2.0的主要目标是确保在用户数据的安全交换过程中提供灵活性和便利性。该框架定义了四个主要角色：资源所有者（Resource Owner）、客户端（Client）、资源服务器（Resource Server）和授权服务器（Authorization Server）。以下是OAuth2.0的主要流程和概念： 1. 授权码流（Authorization Code Grant）：这是最常见且适用于Web应用的流程。用户首先在授权服务器上进行身份验证，并授权客户端访问其资源。授权服务器随后向客户端返回一个授权码，客户端用此码向资源服务器请求访问令牌。 2. 客户端凭据流（Client Credentials Grant）：适用于客户端和资源服务器是同一实体的情况，或者客户端是完全信任的。客户端直接向授权服务器提供自己的凭据来获取访问令牌。 3. 密码凭证流（Resource Owner Password Credentials Grant）：在用户信任客户端并且不希望额外的重定向时使用。用户直接提供用户名和密码给客户端，客户端再将这些凭据提交给授权服务器以获取访问令牌。 4. 无状态码流（Implicit Grant）：主要用于浏览器中的JavaScript应用（即单页应用SPA），授权服务器直接返回访问令牌，避免了通过不安全的浏览器环境传输授权码。 5. 委托设备码流（Device Authorization Grant）：针对无法直接输入认证信息的设备，如智能电视或打印机。用户在另一设备上完成认证，然后将生成的设备码输入到受限设备上以获取访问令牌。每个流程都有其适用场景和安全考虑。例如，授权码流提供了更高级别的安全性，而无状态码流则适合轻量级的交互。 OAuth2.0文档还详细阐述了各种安全性和隐私考虑，包括如何保护令牌、处理重放攻击、防止中间人攻击等。此外，它还规定了授权服务器和资源服务器之间的通信接口，以及客户端注册和令牌管理机制。 OAuth2.0授权框架提供了一套标准方法，使得第三方应用可以在用户许可的前提下安全地访问受保护的资源，促进了开放API和互联网服务的生态发展。这个框架的灵活性和可扩展性使其成为了现代Web应用授权的核心部分。

TOC

Additionally, the rule URI-Reference is included from Uniform Resource Identifier (URI)

Certain security-related terms are to be understood in the sense defined in .

These terms include, but are not limited to, "attack", "authentication", "authorization",

"certificate", "confidentiality", "credential", "encryption", "identity", "sign", "signature", "trust",

"validate", and "verify".

Unless otherwise noted, all the protocol parameter names and values are case sensitive.

2. Client Registration

Before initiating the protocol, the client registers with the authorization server. The means

through which the client registers with the authorization server are beyond the scope of this

specification, but typically involve end-user interaction with an HTML registration form.

Client registration does not require a direct interaction between the client and the

authorization server. When supported by the authorization server, registration can rely on

other means for establishing trust and obtaining the required client properties (e.g.

redirection URI, client type). For example, registration can be accomplished using a self-

issued or third-party-issued assertion, or by the authorization server performing client

discovery using a trusted channel.

When registering a client, the client developer SHALL:

specify the client type as described in ,

provide its client redirection URIs as described in , and

include any other information required by the authorization server (e.g.

application name, website, description, logo image, the acceptance of legal

terms).

2.1. Client Types

OAuth defines two client types, based on their ability to authenticate securely with the

authorization server (i.e. ability to maintain the confidentiality of their client credentials):

confidential

Clients capable of maintaining the confidentiality of their credentials (e.g. client

implemented on a secure server with restricted access to the client credentials),

or capable of secure client authentication using other means.

public

Clients incapable of maintaining the confidentiality of their credentials (e.g. clients

executing on the device used by the resource owner such as an installed native

application or a web browser-based application), and incapable of secure client

authentication via any other means.

The client type designation is based on the authorization server's definition of secure

authentication and its acceptable exposure levels of client credentials. The authorization

server SHOULD NOT make assumptions about the client type.

A client may be implemented as a distributed set of components, each with a different client

type and security context (e.g. a distributed client with both a confidential server-based

component and a public browser-based component). If the authorization server does not

provide support for such clients, or does not provide guidance with regard to their

registration, the client SHOULD register each component as a separate client.

This specification has been designed around the following client profiles:

web application

A web application is a confidential client running on a web server. Resource owners

access the client via an HTML user interface rendered in a user-agent on the

device used by the resource owner. The client credentials as well as any access

token issued to the client are stored on the web server and are not exposed to or

accessible by the resource owner.

user-agent-based application

[RFC3986]

[RFC4949]

Section 2.1

Section 3.1.2

TOC

A user-agent-based application is a public client in which the client code is

downloaded from a web server and executes within a user-agent (e.g. web

browser) on the device used by the resource owner. Protocol data and credentials

are easily accessible (and often visible) to the resource owner. Since such

applications reside within the user-agent, they can make seamless use of the

user-agent capabilities when requesting authorization.

native application

A native application is a public client installed and executed on the device used by

the resource owner. Protocol data and credentials are accessible to the resource

owner. It is assumed that any client authentication credentials included in the

application can be extracted. On the other hand, dynamically issued credentials

such as access tokens or refresh tokens can receive an acceptable level of

protection. At a minimum, these credentials are protected from hostile servers

with which the application may interact with. On some platforms these credentials

might be protected from other applications residing on the same device.

2.2. Client Identifier

The authorization server issues the registered client a client identifier - a unique string

representing the registration information provided by the client. The client identifier is not a

secret; it is exposed to the resource owner, and MUST NOT be used alone for client

authentication. The client identifier is unique to the authorization server.

The client identifier string size is left undefined by this specification. The client should avoid

making assumptions about the identifier size. The authorization server SHOULD document

the size of any identifier it issues.

2.3. Client Authentication

If the client type is confidential, the client and authorization server establish a client

authentication method suitable for the security requirements of the authorization server. The

authorization server MAY accept any form of client authentication meeting its security

requirements.

Confidential clients are typically issued (or establish) a set of client credentials used for

authenticating with the authorization server (e.g. password, public/private key pair).

The authorization server MAY establish a client authentication method with public clients.

However, the authorization server MUST NOT rely on public client authentication for the

purpose of identifying the client.

The client MUST NOT use more than one authentication method in each request.

2.3.1. Client Password

Clients in possession of a client password MAY use the HTTP Basic authentication scheme as

defined in to authenticate with the authorization server. The client identifier is

encoded using the application/x-www-form-urlencoded encoding algorithm per

and the encoded value is used as the username; the client password is

encoded using the same algorithm and used as the password. The authorization server

MUST support the HTTP Basic authentication scheme for authenticating clients that were

issued a client password.

For example (with extra line breaks for display purposes only):

Authorization: Basic czZCaGRSa3F0Mzo3RmpmcDBaQnIxS3REUmJuZlZkbUl3

Alternatively, the authorization server MAY support including the client credentials in the

[RFC2617]

Appendix B

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