InSAR原理：SAR干涉处理与解释指南

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"InSAR原理：SAR干涉处理与解释指南" 这篇文档是关于InSAR（合成孔径雷达干涉）技术的详细指南，由来自意大利米兰理工电子与信息系的Alessandro Ferretti、Andrea Monti-Guarnieri、Claudio Prati和Fabio Rocca以及法国国家空间研究中心的Didier Massonnet共同撰写，并由Juerg Lichtenegger进行技术协调。该指南由欧洲航天局（ESA）出版，旨在为SAR干涉图像处理和解释提供专业指导。 SAR（合成孔径雷达）是一种遥感技术，利用雷达信号在不同时间对同一地区进行两次或多次成像，通过分析这些图像之间的相位差来获取地表变化信息。InSAR技术进一步利用这种相位信息，生成干涉图，从而精确测量地表微小的变化，如地壳运动、冰川滑动或地面沉降等。指南涵盖了以下几个关键知识点： 1. **InSAR基础**：这部分将详细介绍InSAR的基本原理，包括SAR图像的形成过程，相位干涉的物理基础，以及干涉图的生成方法。 2. **数据处理**：讨论了数据预处理步骤，包括辐射校正、几何校正、干涉对创建和滤波等，这些都是为了减少噪声并提高干涉图的质量。 3. **相位解缠**：相位解缠是InSAR中的一个重要步骤，它涉及到将干涉图的相位信息转换为地表高度或位移信息。这通常需要使用算法，如最大似然法或最小二乘法。 4. **时间序列分析（DInSAR）**：对于监测地表长期变化，如地面沉降或冰川动态，DInSAR（差分InSAR）技术被广泛使用，它涉及分析多时相干涉图来确定时间序列中的变化模式。 5. **误差源和校正**：指南会讨论可能影响InSAR结果的误差来源，如大气延迟、地形效应和雷达卫星轨道误差，并提供相应的校正方法。 6. **解释和应用**：这部分将讲解如何从干涉图中提取地表变化信息，并将其应用于地质灾害识别、环境监测、城市规划等领域。 7. **案例研究**：可能会包含一些实际的InSAR应用案例，以帮助读者更好地理解和应用所学知识。 8. **软件工具和平台**：介绍常用的InSAR处理软件，如ENVI SARscape、SNAP等，以及如何使用它们进行数据处理和分析。 9. **质量控制**：阐述如何评估InSAR结果的准确性和可靠性，包括对干涉图的统计分析和质量检查。该指南适用于遥感科学家、地球物理学家、地理信息系统（GIS）专家和任何对地表变化监测感兴趣的专业人士。通过深入学习，读者可以掌握InSAR技术的理论基础和实践技巧，有效地利用SAR数据进行地表动态监测。

___________________________________________________________________Synthetic Aperture Radar basics

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projected on the ground (see section 1.2.3). Different rows of the image are

associated with different azimuth locations, whereas different columns

indicate different slant range locations.

The location and dimension of the resolution cell in azimuth and slant-range

coordinates depend only on the SAR system characteristics.

In the ERS case, the SAR resolution cell dimension is about 5 metres in

azimuth and about 9.5 metres in slant-range. The distance between adjacent

cells is about 4 metres in azimuth and about 8 metres in slant range. The

SAR resolution cells are thus slightly overlapped both in azimuth and in

slant-range.

1.2.2.1 The detected SAR image

The detected SAR image contains a measurement of the amplitude of the

radiation backscattered toward the radar by the objects (scatterers)

contained in each SAR resolution cell. This amplitude depends more on the

roughness than on the chemical composition of the scatterers on the terrain.

Typically, exposed rocks and urban areas show strong amplitudes, whereas

smooth flat surfaces (like quiet water basins) show low amplitudes, since the

radiation is mainly mirrored away from the radar.

The detected SAR image is generally visualised by means of grey scale

levels as shown in the example of Figure 1-4. Bright pixels correspond to

areas of strong backscattered radiation (e.g. urban areas), whereas dark

pixels correspond to low backscattered radiation (e.g. a quiet water basin).

Figure 1-4: ERS SAR detected image of Milan (Italy). The image size is about 25 km

in ground range (vertical) and 25 km in azimuth (horizontal).

___________________________________________________________________Synthetic Aperture Radar basics

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1.2.3 SAR resolution cell projection on the ground

The terrain area imaged in each SAR resolution cell (called the ground

resolution cell) depends on the local topography. It strongly depends on the

terrain slope in the plane perpendicular to the orbit (ground range direction),

and on the terrain slope in the azimuth direction.

The dimension of the ground resolution cell in azimuth is related to that of

the SAR resolution cell by the usual perspective deformation we experience

every day looking at surfaces from different angles (e.g. a postcard seen at

90 degrees is a line).

The dimension of the ground resolution cell in range is related to that of the

SAR resolution cell by an unusual perspective deformation. Figure 1-9

shows how slant-range is projected onto the ground.

Here five identical slant-range resolution

cells are shown. The first two cells

correspond to flat terrain and they contain

three triangles each. The third cell contains

seven of these triangles due to the positive

slope of the terrain. Finally the fourth and

fifth cells contain less than three triangles

due to the negative slope of the terrain.

Figure 1-9: Effect of terrain on the SAR image. For SAR resolution cells in the

plane perpendicular to the orbit, the part of the terrain imaged in each resolution

cell clearly depends on the topography.

As the terrain slope increases with respect to a flat horizontal surface (i.e. as

the normal to the terrain moves toward the line of sight (LOS)), the ground

resolution cell dimension in range increases. This effect is called

foreshortening. When the terrain slope is close to the radar off-nadir angle,

the cell dimension becomes very large and all the details are lost. Moreover,

when the terrain slope exceeds the radar off-nadir angle the scatterers are

imaged in reverse order and superimposed on the contribution coming from

other areas. This effect is called layover, and is sketched in Figure 1-10.

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