Large-scale directional connections among multi resting-state neural networks in
human brain: A functional MRI and Bayesian network modeling study
Rui Li
a
, Kewei Chen
c
, Adam S. Fleisher
c,d
, Eric M. Reiman
c
, Li Yao
a,b
, Xia Wu
b,
⁎
a
State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
b
School of Information Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
c
Banner Alzheimer's Institute (BAI) & Banner Good Samaritan PET Center, Phoenix, AZ 85006, USA
d
Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92103, USA
abstractarticle info
Article history:
Received 26 December 2010
Revised 25 February 2011
Accepted 3 March 2011
Available online 9 March 2011
Keywords:
Bayesian network
fMRI
Connectivity
Resting-state network
Spontaneous activity
This study examined the large-scale connectivity among multiple resting-state networks (RSNs) in the human
brain. Independent component analysis was first applied to the resting-state functional MRI (fMRI) data
acquired from 12 healthy young subjects for the separation of RSNs. Four sensory (lateral and medial visual,
auditory, and sensory-motor) RSNs and four cognitive (default-mode, self-referential, dorsal and ventral
attention) RSNs were identified. Gaussian Bayesian network (BN) learning approach was then used for the
examination of the conditional dependencies among these RSNs and the construction of the network-to-
network directional connectivity patterns. The BN based results demonstrated that sensory networks and
cognitive networks were hierarc hically organized. Specially, we found the sensory networks were highly
intra-dependent and the cognitive networks were strongly intra-influenced. In addition, the results depicted
dominant bottom-up connectivity from sensory networks to cognitive networks in which the self-referential
and the default-mode networks might play respectively important roles in the process of resting-state
information transfer and integration. The present study characterized the global connectivity relations among
RSNs and delineated more characteristics of spontaneous activity dynamics.
© 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Introduction
Spontaneous neuronal activity, as observed in the blood oxygenation
level-dependent (BOLD) signal and as measured by the functional
magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) technique, has provided new
insights into the intrinsic functional architecture of the brain. Large-
scale coherent spatial patterns, namely resting-state networks (RSNs),
identified from spontaneous BOLD fluctuation were found extensively
overlapped with task-induced activated patterns related to visual,
auditory, motor, attention and other cognitive processing (Damoiseaux
et al., 2006; Fox et al., 2006; Jann et al., 2010; Mantini et al., 2007; Zuo
et al., 2010b). The functional connectivity of these RSNs was suggested
to represent inherent patterns for expected usages or potential future
re-organizations (Fox et al., 2006; Pouget et al., 2003). Numerous
studies reported its relation with brain development (Fair et al., 2008;
Fransson et al., 2007; Stevens et al., 2009), normal aging (Andrews-
Hanna et al., 2007), various neuropsychiatric disorders (Liao et al.,
2010a; Rotarska-Jagiela et al., 2010; Seeley et al., 2009; Sorg et al., 2007;
Veer et al., 2010), and individual's behavioral or task performance (De
Luca et al., 2005; Fox et al., 2007; Kelly et al., 2008; Northoff et al., 2010).
Following investigations that have been mostly for each of the RSNs
separately for its intrinsic, task-independent, functional organization of
brain activity, this study considers the large-scale cross multi-network
relations to reveal more global properties of the RSNs altogether. In fact,
in addition to these studies, on the functional connectivity of individual
RSNs separately, there were reports such as the graph theory based
studies which analyzed the profile of overall cortex connectivity patterns
and provided topological reconfigurations of spontaneous activity (Wang
et al., 2010). They demonstrated that the brain's functional topology
exhibited characteristics of complex networks, such as small-world
(Bassett and Bullmore, 2006; Bullmore and Sporns, 2009; He et al., 2007;
Liao et al., 2011; Sporns and Honey, 2006), highly connected hubs
(Buckner et al., 2009; Sporns et al., 2007), modularity (Newman, 2006)
and hierarchy (Ferrarini et al., 2009; Meunier et al., 2009). Evidences from
these studies may imply the spontaneous activity was not only organized
into separated patterns, but engaged in a larger scale functional
cooperation and communications. This promoted us to address the
network-to-network connectivity among different RSNs for our better
understanding of the cross-network resting-state information exchange.
Given the recognition that neuronal systems in the brain
functionally fall under the lower-level sensation (e.g. visual, auditory,
and motor) and higher-order cognition (e.g. attention, emotion,
memory, language, executive, etc.) as evidenced primarily from
activation studies (Mesulam, 1998), and some of these systems
NeuroImage 56 (2011) 1035–1042
⁎ Corresponding author. Fax: +86 10 58804026.
E-mail address: wuxia@bnu.edu.cn (X. Wu).
1053-8119/$ – see front matter © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.03.010
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