产品设计中的EMC指南：注意事项与实践

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在产品设计过程中，电磁兼容（Electromagnetic Compatibility，简称EMC）是一项至关重要的考虑因素。EMC是指设备或系统在正常运行状态下以及与其他电子设备相互作用时，不会产生干扰电磁辐射，同时也不会对其他设备的正常功能造成损害的能力。产品设计中的EMC不仅关注设备自身的电磁辐射控制，还包括对周围环境中的电磁干扰的防护。第五版《产品设计师的EMC指南》由Tim Williams撰写，详尽地阐述了在设计阶段如何遵循EMC标准和最佳实践。书中涵盖的内容包括但不限于： 1. **基本概念**：介绍了EMC的原理、分类（如传导发射、辐射发射和共模噪声抑制等）和国际标准（如IEC 61000系列标准）。 2. **设计策略**：讲解了如何在设计初期就考虑到EMC，通过电路布局、接地设计、信号线屏蔽和滤波器应用等技术来降低电磁干扰。 3. **模拟与测试**：阐述了如何使用仿真工具进行EMC预测，并在原型开发阶段进行实际测试，确保产品符合EMC要求。 4. **法规遵从性**：讨论了不同国家和地区的EMC法规，如欧洲的RoHS（Restriction of Hazardous Substances）和美国的FCC（Federal Communications Commission）规定，以及如何确保产品在全球范围内上市时满足法规。 5. **案例分析**：书中提供了丰富的实例，展示实际产品设计中遇到的问题及其解决方案，帮助读者理解和应用EMC原则。 6. **最新技术和趋势**：分享了当前和未来可能影响EMC设计的新兴技术和市场动态，如物联网设备、5G通信和无线充电等。产品设计师在设计过程中需要全面考虑EMC，不仅要确保产品的功能性能，还要保证其在各种环境下稳定工作，避免对其他设备造成不必要的干扰。通过学习《产品设计师的EMC指南》第五版，设计师可以提升自己的专业技能，确保产品不仅功能强大，而且在电磁兼容性方面表现出色。此外，版权信息强调了对于该内容的保护，任何复制或传播必须得到Elsevier的书面许可。

Preface xv

substantially revamped (twice), more new product standards have been published, new

test methods have become established and much has been learned to improve old tests.

Although Maxwell’s laws haven’t changed, there is more understanding of how best to

apply them to maximize the compatibility of individual products. The onward and

upward march of clock speeds and the shrinking of product, package and interconnect

dimensions has continued. And so, even if you were familiar with earlier editions, you

will find quite a lot of new material in this one.

This book is intended to help the work of the company’s EMC centre. It seems to

be serving its purpose: I have been pleasantly surprised by how widely earlier editions

have been recommended. It can be used as a reference for the EMC engineer, as

background reading for designers and technicians new to the subject, or as part of the

armoury of the development group tackling a new project. It is structured into three

parts. The first part (Chapters 1–6) discusses the legislative and standards framework

now erected to encompass EMC. These chapters are mainly non-technical in nature.

Chapter 1 introduces the subject of interference, and Chapter 2 goes on to discuss the

provisions of the EMC Directive and its new partner, the Radio Equipment Directive,

and the means of achieving compliance with them. Chapter 3 looks at the major EMC

compliance regimes outside Europe. Chapter 4 details the standards-making structure

and describes the various standards that are now in existence and which are relevant for

compliance with the Directive. Chapter 5 covers requirements for those sectors that are

only peripherally affected by the RED and EMCD: automotive, military, aerospace and

rail transport. A new Chapter 6 reviews the increasingly important subject of the

electromagnetic compatibility aspects of functional safety.

Both design engineers and project managers need to have a feel for the tests to

which their products will be submitted. As well as witnessing tests carried out by third

party test houses, it is likely that many will be doing pre-compliance and full

compliance tests themselves. The second part of the book looks at these areas. Chapter

7 covers the test methods for RF emissions that are laid down in the standards and

which have to be followed both in-house and by external test houses. Chapter 8 does

the same for the immunity tests: RF immunity, ESD and transient immunity. Chapter 9

considers the low frequency techniques, both mains input harmonics and flicker

emissions, and immunity to magnetic field and voltage dips and interruptions. Finally,

the tests do not happen by themselves: they must be planned, and Chapter 10 looks at

this sadly neglected aspect of EMC compliance.

The third part of the book discusses techniques for achieving an acceptable EMC

performance at minimum extra cost, at the design stage. It is usually possible to add

screening and suppression components to an existing design to enable it to meet EMC

standards. This brute force method is expensive, time-consuming and inefficient. Far

better is to design to the appropriate principles from the start, so that the product has a

good chance of achieving compliance first time, or if it doesn’t then modifications are

made easy to implement.

Chapter 11 covers the basic principles involved in coupling electromagnetic

interference from a source to a victim. Chapter 12 looks at the techniques which can be

applied before resorting to the more traditional methods of screening and suppression:

attention to equipment and PCB layout and grounding, and Chapter 13 discusses choice

of circuit configuration, components and software features. Chapter 14 carries on to

detail the accepted “special” EMC techniques, which include cable configuration and

termination, and filtering methods and components. Shielding theory and practice – the

two are not always related – are covered in Chapter 15. Many products are used within

Introduction 3

Chapter 1

Introduction

1.1 What is EMC?

Electromagnetic interference (EMI) is a serious and increasing form of environmental

pollution. Its effects range from minor annoyances due to crackles on broadcast

reception, to potentially fatal accidents due to corruption of safety-critical control

systems. Various forms of EMI may cause electrical and electronic malfunctions, can

prevent the proper use of the radio frequency spectrum, can ignite flammable or other

hazardous atmospheres, and may even have a direct effect on human tissue. As

electronic systems penetrate more deeply into all aspects of society, so both the

potential for interference effects and the potential for serious EMI-induced incidents

increases.

Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), then, is the absence of effects due to EMI.

The definition of EMC, as it appears in the International Electrotechnical Vocabulary

[169], is:

The ability of a device, equipment or system to function satisfactorily in its electromagnetic

environment without introducing intolerable electromagnetic disturbance to anything in that

environment.

Some reported examples of electromagnetic incompatibility are:

• in Norfolk, various makes of car would “go crazy” when they passed a

particular air defence radar installation – dashboard indicators dropping to

zero or maximum, lights and engines cutting out;

• on one type of car, the central door locking and electric sunroof would

operate when the car’s mobile transmitter was used;

• on another, the rear windscreen heater caused so much interference when

switched on that it was impossible to listen to the car radio;

• new electronic push-button telephones installed near the Brookmans Park

medium wave transmitter in North London were constantly afflicted with

BBC radio programmes;

• residents in a housing estate at Liverpool, Australia suffered interference

from an ABC broadcast transmitter across the road, interrupting phone calls,

disturbing TV screens and turning electronic equipment on and off;

• near the BBC World Service transmitter at Rampisham, Dorset, residents

have heard foreign voices through an electric organ and heard the signature

tune through a toaster;

• interference to aeronautical safety communications at a US airport was

traced to an electronic cash register a mile away;

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