Django 4.0官方文档中文PDF版：快速入门与核心功能详解

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Django官方文档中文4.0版是Python后端开发框架Django的权威指南，由Django Software Foundation发布于2022年5月25日。这份文档详细覆盖了从入门到进阶的多个关键层面，旨在帮助开发者充分利用Django构建高效、安全的Web应用。文档的结构清晰，分为两大部分：Django Documentation和Getting Started。在第一部分，文档首先引导读者进行基本操作，包括： 1. **First steps**：介绍了Django的核心概念和安装过程，使新用户快速上手。 2. **Getting help**：提供了寻求支持和解决问题的途径，如官方论坛、邮件列表和Stack Overflow等。 3. **Model layer**：讲解了Django的数据模型系统，如何定义数据库结构和管理数据。 4. **View layer**：阐述了视图函数和类视图的概念，以及它们在处理HTTP请求中的角色。 5. **Template layer**：详细解释了模板系统，如何通过模板渲染动态内容和HTML结构。 6. **Forms**：涵盖了表单处理和验证，如何创建用户友好的输入界面。 7. **Development process**：介绍了Django的开发工作流程，包括版本控制、测试和部署策略。 8. **Admin interface**：讨论了内置的管理站点，用于方便地管理应用程序的数据。 9. **Security**：强调了安全性，包括认证、授权和防止常见的Web攻击。 10. **Internationalization and localization**：指导开发者如何使应用支持多语言和本地化。 11. **Performance and optimization**：探讨了性能优化技巧，提升应用响应速度。 12. **Geographic framework**：介绍与地理位置相关的功能和工具。 13. **Common web application tools**：列举了Django中常用的工具和库，如缓存、中间件和模板标签。 14. **Other core functionalities**：概述其他核心功能，如URL routing、静态文件管理和信号系统。第二部分，Getting started，深入展示了如何通过编写实例应用来实践Django。从简单的应用创建到高级主题，如如何编写可重用的库，以及后续的学习路径建议。 Django官方4.0文档中文版是Django开发者不可或缺的参考资源，无论是初学者还是经验丰富的开发人员都能从中找到所需的信息，提升开发效率和代码质量。阅读和理解这份文档，将有助于掌握Django框架的精髓，从而构建出强大而稳定的Web应用。

Django Documentation, Release 4.0.5.dev20220525111430

Listing 3: mysite/news/admin.py

from django.contrib import admin

from . import models

admin.site.register(models.Article)

The philosophy here is that your site is edited by a staﬀ, or a client, or maybe just you – and you don’t want to have to

deal with creating backend interfaces only to manage content.

One typical workﬂow in creating Django apps is to create models and get the admin sites up and running as fast as

possible, so your staﬀ (or clients) can start populating data. Then, develop the way data is presented to the public.

2.1.5 Design your URLs

A clean, elegant URL scheme is an important detail in a high-quality web application. Django encourages beautiful

URL design and doesn’t put any cruft in URLs, like .php or .asp.

To design URLs for an app, you create a Python module called a URLconf . A table of contents for your app, it contains

a mapping between URL patterns and Python callback functions. URLconfs also serve to decouple URLs from Python

code.

Here’s what a URLconf might look like for the Reporter/Article example above:

Listing 4: mysite/news/urls.py

from django.urls import path

from . import views

urlpatterns = [

path('articles/<int:year>/', views.year_archive),

path('articles/<int:year>/<int:month>/', views.month_archive),

path('articles/<int:year>/<int:month>/<int:pk>/', views.article_detail),

]

The code above maps URL paths to Python callback functions (“views”). The path strings use parameter tags to

“capture” values from the URLs. When a user requests a page, Django runs through each path, in order, and stops at

the ﬁrst one that matches the requested URL. (If none of them matches, Django calls a special-case 404 view.) This is

blazingly fast, because the paths are compiled into regular expressions at load time.

Once one of the URL patterns matches, Django calls the given view, which is a Python function. Each view gets passed

a request object – which contains request metadata – and the values captured in the pattern.

For example, if a user requested the URL “/articles/2005/05/39323/”, Django would call the function news.views.

article_detail(request, year=2005, month=5, pk=39323).

10 Chapter 2. Getting started

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2.1.6 Write your views

Each view is responsible for doing one of two things: Returning an HttpResponse object containing the content for

the requested page, or raising an exception such as Http404. The rest is up to you.

Generally, a view retrieves data according to the parameters, loads a template and renders the template with the retrieved

data. Here’s an example view for year_archive from above:

Listing 5: mysite/news/views.py

from django.shortcuts import render

from .models import Article

def year_archive(request, year):

a_list = Article.objects.filter(pub_date__year=year)

context = {'year': year, 'article_list': a_list}

return render(request, 'news/year_archive.html', context)

This example uses Django’s template system, which has several powerful features but strives to stay simple enough for

non-programmers to use.

2.1.7 Design your templates

The code above loads the news/year_archive.html template.

Django has a template search path, which allows you to minimize redundancy among templates. In your Django

settings, you specify a list of directories to check for templates with DIRS. If a template doesn’t exist in the ﬁrst directory,

it checks the second, and so on.

Let’s say the news/year_archive.html template was found. Here’s what that might look like:

Listing 6: mysite/news/templates/news/year_archive.html

{% extends "base.html" %}

{% block title %}Articles for {{ year }}{% endblock %}

{% block content %}

<h1>Articles for {{ year }}</h1>

{% for article in article_list %}

<p>{{ article.headline }}</p>

<p>By {{ article.reporter.full_name }}</p>

<p>Published {{ article.pub_date|date:"F j, Y" }}</p>

{% endfor %}

{% endblock %}

Variables are surrounded by double-curly braces. {{ article.headline }} means “Output the value of the article’s

headline attribute.” But dots aren’t used only for attribute lookup. They also can do dictionary-key lookup, index lookup

and function calls.

Note {{ article.pub_date|date:"F j, Y" }} uses a Unix-style “pipe” (the “|” character). This is called a tem-

plate ﬁlter, and it’s a way to ﬁlter the value of a variable. In this case, the date ﬁlter formats a Python datetime object

in the given format (as found in PHP’s date function).

2.1. Django at a glance 11

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You can chain together as many ﬁlters as you’d like. You can write custom template ﬁlters. You can write custom

template tags, which run custom Python code behind the scenes.

Finally, Django uses the concept of “template inheritance”. That’s what the {% extends "base.html" %} does. It

means “First load the template called ‘base’, which has deﬁned a bunch of blocks, and ﬁll the blocks with the following

blocks.” In short, that lets you dramatically cut down on redundancy in templates: each template has to deﬁne only

what’s unique to that template.

Here’s what the “base.html” template, including the use of static ﬁles, might look like:

Listing 7: mysite/templates/base.html

{% load static %}

<html>

<head>

<title>{% block title %}{% endblock %}</title>

</head>

<body>

{% block content %}{% endblock %}

</body>

</html>

Simplistically, it deﬁnes the look-and-feel of the site (with the site’s logo), and provides “holes” for child templates to

ﬁll. This means that a site redesign can be done by changing a single ﬁle – the base template.

It also lets you create multiple versions of a site, with diﬀerent base templates, while reusing child templates. Django’s

creators have used this technique to create strikingly diﬀerent mobile versions of sites by only creating a new base

template.

Note that you don’t have to use Django’s template system if you prefer another system. While Django’s template system

is particularly well-integrated with Django’s model layer, nothing forces you to use it. For that matter, you don’t have

to use Django’s database API, either. You can use another database abstraction layer, you can read XML ﬁles, you can

read ﬁles oﬀ disk, or anything you want. Each piece of Django – models, views, templates – is decoupled from the

next.

2.1.8 This is just the surface

This has been only a quick overview of Django’s functionality. Some more useful features:

• A caching framework that integrates with memcached or other backends.

• A syndication framework that lets you create RSS and Atom feeds by writing a small Python class.

• More attractive automatically-generated admin features – this overview barely scratched the surface.

The next steps are for you to download Django, read the tutorial and join the community. Thanks for your interest!

12 Chapter 2. Getting started

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2.2 Quick install guide

Before you can use Django, you’ll need to get it installed. We have a complete installation guide that covers all the

possibilities; this guide will guide you to a minimal installation that’ll work while you walk through the introduction.

2.2.1 Install Python

Being a Python web framework, Django requires Python. See What Python version can I use with Django? for details.

Python includes a lightweight database called SQLite so you won’t need to set up a database just yet.

Get the latest version of Python at https://www.python.org/downloads/ or with your operating system’s package man-

ager.

You can verify that Python is installed by typing python from your shell; you should see something like:

Python 3.x.y

[GCC 4.x] on linux

Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.

>>>

2.2.2 Set up a database

This step is only necessary if you’d like to work with a “large” database engine like PostgreSQL, MariaDB, MySQL,

or Oracle. To install such a database, consult the database installation information.

2.2.3 Install Django

You’ve got three options to install Django:

• Install an oﬃcial release. This is the best approach for most users.

• Install a version of Django provided by your operating system distribution.

• Install the latest development version. This option is for enthusiasts who want the latest-and-greatest features

and aren’t afraid of running brand new code. You might encounter new bugs in the development version, but

reporting them helps the development of Django. Also, releases of third-party packages are less likely to be

compatible with the development version than with the latest stable release.

Always refer to the documentation that corresponds to the version of Django you’re using!

If you do either of the ﬁrst two steps, keep an eye out for parts of the documentation marked new in development

version. That phrase ﬂags features that are only available in development versions of Django, and they likely won’t

work with an oﬃcial release.

2.2. Quick install guide 13

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