多跳认知无线电网络中能量采集协作传输的功率分配与路由优化

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本文探讨了无线传能网络路由技术在多跳认知无线电网络中的应用，特别是在考虑能量 harvesting（EH）与合作传输的新型帧结构下。系统中包含一个由解码-转发中继连接的次级发射器和接收器。这种框架采用时间切换模式，利用EH过程中的能量部分支持初级用户之间的数据传输，同时保证次级系统的可靠性。研究的核心是提出了一种联合功率分配和路径选择策略，目标是优化端到端的次级节点掉线概率（secondary outage probability）。在设计过程中，遵循了能源守恒原则（energy causality）和初级用户协作速率的约束。通过数学建模，作者找到了最优的时间分配给EH和每个中继的功率分配因子，这些结果是通过闭合形式表达得出的，提高了效率。为了进一步降低总能耗（即成本）并延长网络寿命，文章还探讨了最优路径选择算法，使用了贝尔曼-福特算法（Bellman-Ford algorithm），与迪杰斯特拉算法（Dijkstra's algorithm）进行了性能对比。大量的仿真结果表明，相比于现有工作，所提出的方案能够显著降低次级节点掉线概率，具体表现为47.9%和55.73%的性能提升。此外，该研究还展示了在考虑到能量获取、多跳通信和资源优化的情况下，如何有效地进行无线传能网络的路由设计，这对于提高能源自给自足的无线网络的可靠性和可持续性具有重要意义。这项工作不仅有助于提升通信系统的效率，也为未来无线网络的发展提供了新的思考方向和技术参考。

For Peer Review

Joint Power Allocation and Route Selection for

Outage Minimization in Multihop Cognitive Radio

Networks with Energy Harvesting

Avik Banerjee, Student Member, IEEE, Anal Paul, Student Member, IEEE, and Santi P. Maity, Member, IEEE

Abstract—This work explores joint power allocation and route

selection in a multi-hop cognitive radio network consisting of

secondary transmitter and receiver connected through decode-

and-forward relays. A novel frame structure of radio frequency

energy harvesting (EH)-cooperation-transmission is considered

that operates in time switching mode. The relays also help

(cooperation phase) in data transmission between the primary

transmitter and receiver using a fraction of the harvested energy.

An optimization problem is formulated to minimize the end-

to-end secondary outage probability under the constraints of

energy causality and primary user cooperation rate. Closed form

expressions of the optimal time duration for EH and power

allocation factor on each relay are also derived. In order to

minimize the total power consumption (cost) and to enhance

the network lifetime, optimal route selection is also explored

using Bellman-Ford algorithm and the efﬁcacy of the same

over Dijkstra’s algorithm is also demonstrated by a large set

of simulation results. Simulation results also show that a gain in

outage probability ∼ 47.9% and ∼ 55.73% is achieved for the

proposed approach when compared with the existing works.

Index Terms—Cognitive radio, energy harvesting, multihop,

decode-and-forward, outage probability, Bellman-Ford.

I. INTRODUCTION

OGNITIVE radio networks (CRNs) look promising to

address the scarcity as well as under utilization of

spectrum by providing an opportunistic communication to the

secondary users (SUs) over the band licensed to the primary

user (PU) [1], [2]. In practical energy constrained scenario,

energy harvesting (EH) based CRN provides a greener alter-

native to harness energy from either ambient radio frequency

(RF) signals or from non-renewable sources like wind, solar,

thermal etc. Since electromagnetic (EM) waves carry both

information and energy, some recent studies [3]–[5] have sug-

gested the scope of utilizing RF signals for EH along with the

information transmission. Two widely used modes are, time

switching (TS) mode [4] where EH and information decoding

(ID) are done in different time slots, the second one is power

splitting (PS) mode [5], where a portion of the received power

is utilized for EH and the remaining part for ID. Relay based

CRN has appeared to enhance the reliability in spectrum

sensing (SS), improvement in SU data transmission rate, aids

in PU transmission etc. over long distance in a power efﬁcient

manner leading to a reduction in interference. Several literature

Avik Banerjee, Anal Paul and Santi P. Maity are with Department of

Information Technology, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technol-

ogy, Shibpur, India, 711103. (e-mail: avikbanerjee@ieee.org, apaul@ieee.org,

santipmaity@it.iiests.ac.in)

highlight the effectiveness of multihop relay assisted CRN

[6], [7] over single-hop network that aids the secondary data

transmission via multiple relays. It is worth mentioning that

relaying scheme suffers from bandwidth inefﬁciency due to

the need of distinct orthogonal frequency bands for restricting

the mutual interference among the relays [8].

Relays in a multihop CRN operating in an overlay mode

not only forward SU data to its destination but also assist the

PU by forwarding its (PU’s) information signal to the primary

receiver. Therefore, different policies are adopted in various

reports for joint power and channel allocation among the relays

with an objective to minimize the overall secondary outage

probability while maintaining a target PU cooperation rate [9]–

[11]. Furthermore, in an energy constrained scenario, optimal

relay selection in a multihop CRN assists the secondary

transmission by ﬁnding a minimum power consumption route

that maintains the energy causality constraint. Several energy

efﬁcient (EE) routing algorithms are reported in the litera-

ture [12]–[15] that ﬁnd minimal routing path between the

secondary source and destination pair. Here the issues of

optimal power allocation, EH, appropriate frequency/channel

allocation, proper relay (route) selection etc. often need in-

tegration to minimize the secondary outage probability under

the constraints of PU cooperation rate and energy causality.

The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section

II makes a brief literature review. The system model with

signal ﬂow is presented in Section III while in Section IV,

outage analysis on secondary links are given. In Section V,

the problem formulation and proposed solution are presented

while optimal power cost and network lifetime calculations

are discussed in Section VI. Numerical results are presented

in Section VII and conclusions are in Section VIII.

II. LITERATURE REVIEW AND SCOPE OF WORK

This section makes a literature review on EH, power allo-

cation and route selection in multi-hop CRN. Kalamkar and

Banerjee [4] derived a closed form expression of the secondary

outage probability adopting a TS policy based relay assisted

CRN with scope of EH (from the interference of PU) and

information decoding over time. Han et al. [16] achieved both

energy and spectrum efﬁciency (SE) in their joint optimization

framework of EH and SS. He et al. [17] derived a closed form

expression of outage probability considering a cooperative

CRN with EH where the secondary relay maintains the quality

of service (QoS) for both the PU and the secondary network.

Page 1 of 31

IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking

Under review for possible publication in

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