COMPUTING
MACHINERY
AND
INTELLIGENCE
437
danger
of
circularity
of
argument.
We
avoid
this
by
giving
an
outline
of
the
means
by
which
the
desired
effect
is
achieved.
A
digital
computer
can
usually be
regarded
as
consisting
of
three
parts:
(i)
Store.
(ii)
Executive
unit.
(iii)
Control.
The
store is
a
store
of
information,
and
corresponds
to
the
human
computer's
paper,
whether
this is
the
paper
on
which
he
does
his
calculations
or
that
on
which
his
book
of
rules
is
printed.
In
so
far as the
human
computer
does
calculations in
his
head
a
part
of
the
store will
correspond
to
his
memory.
The
executive
unit
is
the
part
which
carries
out
the
various
individual
operations
involved
in a
calculation.
What
these
individual
operations
are
will
vary
from
machine
to
machine.
Usually
fairly
lengthy
operations can
be
done
such as
'Multiply
3540675445
by
7076345687'
but
in
some
machines
only
very
simple ones
such as
'Write
down 0
'
are
possible.
We have
mentioned
that the
'
book
of
rules-'
supplied
to
the
computer
is
replaced
in
the
machine
by
a
part
of the
store.
It
is
then
called
the
'table
of
instructions'.
It
is
the
duty
of
the
control
to
see
that
these
instructions
are
obeyed
correctly
and in
the
right
order.
The
control
is
so
constructed
that
this
necessarily
happens.
The
information
in
the
store is
usually
broken
up
into
packets
of
moderately
small
size.
In
one
machine,
for
instance,
a
packet
might
consist of
ten
decimal
digits. Numbers are
assigned
to
the
parts
of
the
store
in
which
the
various
packets of information
are
stored,
in
some
systematic
manner.
A
typical
instruction
might
say-
'Add
the number
stored
in
position
6809 to
that
in
4302 and
put
the
result
back
into
the
latter
storage
position'.
Needless
to
say it would
not
occur
in
the
machine
expressed
in
English.
It
would more
likely
be
coded in a form
such as
6809430217. Here
17
says
which of
various
possible
operations
is
to be
performed
on
the
two
numbers. In
this
case
the
opera-
tion
is
that
described
above,
viz.
'Add the number. . .
.' It
will
be
noticed
that the
instruction
takes
up
10
digits
and
so
forms
one
packet
of
information,
very
conveniently.
The control
will
normally
take the
instructions to be
obeyed
in
the order
of
the
positions
in
which
they
are
stored,
but
occasionally
an
in-
struction such as
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